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R-2023-116 Broward County LMS Update
RESOLUTION NO. 2023- Q A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA, ADOPTING THE UPDATE OF THE MULTI - JURISDICTIONAL LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY PLAN; PROVIDING FOR CONFLICTS; FURTHER, PROVIDING FOR AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") regulation 44 C.F.R. § 201.6(d)(3) requires local jurisdictions to review and update their Local Mitigation Strategy ("LMS") plan every rive (5) years to reflect changes in development. progress in mitigation efforts, and changes in priorities in order to maintain eligibility for mitigation project grant funding; and WHEREAS, the plan serves as a blueprint for mitigation planning to assist local governments in reducing threats from natural and manufactured hazards: and WHEREAS, the plan is submitted to the Florida Division of Emergency Management ("FDEM") for initial review and coordination. then to FEMA for review and approval: and WHEREAS, the Broward County Board of County Commissioners (the "Board") has consistently updated the plan as required: and WHEREAS, on December 12, 2017. the Board adopted Resolution No.2017-650, which approved an enhancement to the LMS plan. modifying and improving previous versions of the plan. and WHEREAS, between November 2021 and May 2022, the County's Emergency Management Division held quarterly public meetings to gather public comments prior to submitting the proposed LMS plan to FDEM and FEMA for final review and approval; and WHEREAS, on July 11, 2023, FDEM approved the proposed LMS plan; and WHEREAS, FEMA approved the proposed LMS plan on July 31, 2023, contingent upon its adoption by the County; and WHEREAS, the City adopted the prior LMS on June 19, 2018; and WHEREAS, FEMA over the years has approved funding under the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program through Broward County, which the City can access the grant funds by adhering to federal rules, which require that the City adopt the CounVs Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS); and WHEREAS, the City must adopt the revised plan to remain eligible for FEMA grant funding; and ILA. WHEREAS, the City Commission finds it in the best interest of the City to approve the NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF DANIA BEACH, FLORIDA: Section 1. That the foregoing "WHEREAS" clauses are ratified and confirmed as being true and correct, and they are made a specific part of and incorporated into this Resolution by this reference. Section 2. That the Local Mitigation Strategy ("LMS") plan is approved, in substantially the form attached as Exhibit "A," together with such non -substantial changes as may be acceptable to the City Manager and approved as to form and legality by the City Attorney. Section 3. That the proper City officials are authorized to execute all necessary documents and to take any necessary action to effectuate the intent of this Resolution. Section 4. That all resolutions or parts of resolutions In conflict with this Resolution are repealed to the extent of such conflict. Section 5. That this Resolution shall be effective 10 days after passage. PASSED AND ADOPTED onf (�2_ , 2023. Motion by (1?` m i. t w second by V I Ct LKOC r L-,Kwo. l +.e FINAL VOTE ON ADOPTION: Commissioner Joyce Davis Conunissioner Tamara James Commissioner Marco Salvino Vice Mayor Lori Lewellen Mayor Archibald J. Ryan IV 2 RESOLUTION #2023-it Q2 4" TTORNEY A�- ARCHISA D J. YAK IV MAYOR RESOLUTION #2023-1 1 W Exhibit "A" Local Mitigation Strategy ("LMS") (See Following Pages) RESOLUTION #2023- l lQ BP�WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Division LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY for Broward County and its Municipalities July 2023 • F l O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 This Page intentionally left blank. September 2022 page 12 BKy', HARD COUNTY Table of Contents PREFACE. ............................... - CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. LMS Working Group ..................... LMS Sub Committees .................... Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 .............................................................................................................. 9 .................................................................................................I.........15 CHAPTER 2: BROWARD COUNTY PROFILE....... ........................................................... 15 ........................................................... 16 ...................................I.....................17 GEOGRAPHY........... ............ ............................................................................................................. 17 DEMOGRAPHICS... .............. ............. .............................................................................................. 18 Table 2.1: Mandatory Evacuation Areas...................................................................................................... 19 Map 2.9: Broward County Hurricane Evacuation Zones........................................................................... 20 Table 2.2: Current Municipal Populations and Percent Changes: 2000, 2010. 2020........................... 22 Table 2.3: Other Key Demographic Data per Municipality........................................................................ 23 Table 2.4: Key Economic Factors by Community....................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: PLANNING PROCESS ......................... ....................................... 26 HISTORICALREVIEW..................................................................................................................................... 26 PLANNINGPROCESS..............................................................................................................................26 GENERALBODY......................................................................................................................................28 COMMITTEES.......................................................................................................................................... 28 EXECUTIVECOMMITTEE........................................................................................................................ 28 PLANNINGSUBCOMMITTEE................................................................................................................... 29 EDUCA DON & 0UTREACH SUBCOMMITTEE .......................................................................................... 29 PRIVATE SECTOR SUBCOMMITTEE....................................................................................................... 30 CRSSUBCOMMITTEE............................................................................................................................ 30 RESILIENCESUBCOMMITTEE................................................................................................................. 31 PLANMAINTENANCE..... .................................................................................................... ................. _ 32 METHOD AND SCHEDULE FOR MONITORING, EVALUATION, & REVISION...........................................32 FLAN MAINTENANCE METHOD AND APPROACH................................................................................... 32 MUNICIPAL..........................................................................................................................................I... 32 COUNTY. .......................................... . I ................ I .......................... I ......... ......................................... 34 REGIONAL. ........... .................. ............................................................................................................... 34 STATE... ............ _ .............................. I .............................................. ............ I ....... I ........ 1.1.1 .......... 1-1--- 35 IMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................................................... 35 MONITORING........................................................................................................................................... 36 EVALUATION........................................................................................................................................... 36 REVISIONAND UPDATE.......................................................................................................................... 37 5 YEAR PLAN REVIEW............................................................................................................................ 37 LOCALADOPTION...................................................................................................................................38 POST -DISASTER REVIEW AND UPDATE................................................................................................ 38 RECOMMENDATIONS TO CONTINUALLY ENHANCE THE 5-YEAR PLAN REVIEW PROCESS ................ 38 September 2022 Page 13 BR;r;?WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 INCORPORATION INTO EXISTING PLANNING MECHANISMS..................................................................38 PLANINTEGRATION EFFORTS............................................................................................................... 39 JURISDICTION PLAN INTEGRATION PROCESS...................................................................................... 39 BROWARD COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................ 39 COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN..........................................................................................................40 SE FLORIDA REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMPACT: REGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN .............. 40 STATE'S RESILIENT FLORIDA PROGRAM.............................................................................................. 41 STATE'S ENHANCED HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN................................................................................. 42 SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT PLANNING............................................................ 42 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM AND COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM ................................... 43 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLANNING: LINKING LMS TO COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL LIPS ..................... 43 CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT.......................................................................................................44 CHAPTER4: RISK ASSESSMENT................................................................................................................46 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 46 Map 4.1: 2022 Broward County Base Map (Entire County)...................................................................... 47 Map 4.2: 2022 Broward County Base Map (Developed Areas Only) ...................................................... 48 RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS............................................................................................................... 49 Figure 4.1: Conceptual Model of Hazus-MH Methodology....................................................................... 50 STATISTICAL RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY............................................................................... 51 Figure 4.2: Conceptual Model of the Statistical Risk Assessment Methodology ................................... 52 ALR = ANNUALIZED LOSSES / TOTAL EXPOSURE................................................................................ 53 NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER STORM EVENT DATABASE.......................................................... 53 Table 4.1: Total Building Values for Broward County, By Type (As of September 2022) .................... 54 Table 4.2: Average Just Value for Broward County, By Type.................................................................. 55 CRITICALFACILITIES.............................................................................................................................. 56 POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS.......................................................................................... 56 POTENTIAL IMPACT TOJURISDICTIONS................................................................................................. 56 Figure 4.3: Population Projections for Broward County 2000-2035......................................................... 57 Map4.3: Critical Facilities.............................................................................................................................. 58 HAZARD VULNERABILITY PROFILE FOR EXISTING AND FUTURE LAND USE ....................................... 59 STORM SURGE FROM TROPICAL CYCLONES........................................................................................ 60 FLOOD..................................................................................................................................................... 60 WILDFIRE................................................................................................................................................ 61 Table 4.3: Total County Acres in Hazard Areas by Existing Land Use Category .................................. 61 Table 4.4: Total and Undeveloped Acres in Hazard Areas by Future Land Use Category .................. 62 MAJOR DISASTER DECLARATIONS........................................................................................................ 64 Table 4.5: Presidential Disaster Declarations for Broward County (1965-2022).................................. 65 HAZARDS OF MOST SIGNIFICANT CONCERN FOR BROWARD COUNTY .............................................. 66 HAZARDIDENTIFICATION....................................................................................................................... 66 Table 4.6: Most Significant Hazards of Concern for Broward County ..................................................... 67 Table 4.7: Hazards Excluded from Further Analysis.................................................................................. 68 September 2022 Page 14 Bit; ',WARD COUNTY 13 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.4: Peak Ground Acceleration for Earthquake Risk... ..........................•••••....................................... 69 Map 4.5: Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Planning Zones .............................................. 70 NATURAL HAZARDS AND HUMAN CAUSED HAZARDS.......................................................................... 71 HAZARDSLOCATIONS............................................................................................................................ 71 ATMOSPHERICHAZARDS.......................................................................................................................71 Figure 4.4: Heat index & Health impacts at a Glance............................................................................... 73 Figure 4.5: K6ppen Climate Types of Florida.............................................................................................. 75 Table 4.8: Classification of major climatic types according to the modified Koppen-Geiger scheme. 75 Figure 4.6: Waterbodies & Surface Water Features... ............................................................................... 78 Figure 4.7: Annual Average Temperature in Broward County from 1895 to 2022__ ........................... 79 Figure 4.8: Annual Minimum Temperature in Broward County from 1895 to 2022 ............................... 80 Figure 4.9: Maximum Temperature in Broward County from 1895 to 2022__ ................ .................. _ 81 Figure 4.10: Broward County Urban Temperature from 1980 to 2021.................................................... 82 Figure 4.11: Land Surface Temperature January 2020............................................................................. 83 Figure 4.12: Land Surface Temperature October 2016......................................... ............... __.............. 84 Figure 4.13: Average Temperature by Census Block Groups.................................................................. 85 Table 4.8: Daily Climatological Records in Fort Lauderdale between 2017 - 2021 where Maximum Temperatureis Z 95°F_............. ...... ............... _......................... .................. ................. __............ _.......... .. 86 Table 4.9: Historical and Projected Heat Index........................................................................................... 87 Figure 4.14: Historical and Forecasted Temperature in Broward County ............................................... 88 Figure 4.15: Broward County Average Summer Temperatures & High -Risk Census Block Groups. 89 Figure 4.16: Heat Exposure & Socioeconomic Vulnerability.................................................................... 91 Figure 4.17: Heat Exposure & Social Vulnerability by Household Composition .................................... 92 Figure 4.18: Heat Exposure & Social Vulnerability by Minority Status & Language....... ............... _ .... 93 Figure 4.19: Heat Exposure & Social Vulnerability by Household TypelTransportation ....................... 95 Table 4.10: Enhanced Fujita Scale for Tornadoes................................................................................... 100 Figure 4.20 Tornado activity in the United States based on the number of recorded tornadoes per 10,000 square miles ........ ............... _.................... ............................................................................... ..... .... 102 Table 4.11: Overall Historical Tornado Impact in Broward County by Jurisdiction.. ............................ 103 Table 4.12: Potential Annualized Losses by Jurisdiction (Tornado)...................................................... 106 Table 4.13: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale... ..................... _ ................................. ................ _ 109 Table 4.14: Hurricane Damage Classifications... .................. _ ..... ........ ...................... _ .............. .......... 110 Map 4.8: Storm Surge Inundation Zones................................................................................................... 113 Map 4.9: Aerial of Storm Surge inundation............................................................................................... 1I4 Table 4.15: Historical Storm Tracks within 75 Miles of Broward County(1850-2022).......................115 Figure 4.10: Empirical Probability of a Named Hurricane or Tropical Storm ........................................ 124 Table 4.16: Average Expected Hurricane Wind Speeds (Peak Gust) by Jurisdiction ......................... 124 Table 4.17. Potential Annualized Losses by Jurisdiction (Hurricane Wind) ......................................... 126 Table 4.18: Total Building Value of At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction (Based upon a Category 3 StormSurge) ......... ................. ........................... ........... .... .................................... _................................ 128 HYDROLOGICHAZARDS_ ...... ................ ....................................................................... .................... 129 Figure 4.11: Palmer Drought Severity Index Summary Map for the United States ............................. 135 Table 4.19: Annualized Expected Agricultural Product Market Value Exposed to Drought.... ........... 138 Map4.12: FEMA Flood Zones..................................................................................................................... 142 Table 4.20: Potential Building Losses by Jurisdiction (10- and 50-year Riverine Flood Events) ...... 146 September 2022 Page 1 5 BPl04M chRD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.21: Potential Building Losses by Jurisdiction (100- and 500-year Riverine Flood Events)..147 Table 4.22: Total Building Value of At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction (Riverine/Coastal Flood Events)............................................................................................................................................................ 149 Table 4.23: Total Bldg. Value of At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction and Type of Building (Riverine/Coastal Flood Events)................................................................................................................. 150 Table 4.24: Total # of Buildings At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction and Type of Building (Riverine/Coastal Flood Events).................................................................................................................151 Table 4.25: NFIP Repetitive Loss Properties by Jurisdiction (as of 2022)............................................ 152 Table 4.26: NFIP SRL Properties by Jurisdiction (as of 2022)...............................................................153 Table 4.27: RL/SRL Properties by Property Type (as of 2022).............................................................. 154 Map 4.13: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA Int-Low 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario.......................................................................................................................................................... 159 Map 4.14: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA Int-Low 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario.......................................................................................................................................................... 160 Map 4.15: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA Int-High 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario.......................................................................................................................................................... 161 Map 4.16: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA Int-High 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario..........................................................................................................................................................162 Table 4.28: Taxable Property Value County -wide projected to be at risk due to sea level rise under NOAA 2017 Intermediate -High and Intermediate -Low scenarios for the 2040 and 2070 timeframes. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Table 4.29: Loss Estimation of Broward Commercial Properties for NOAA Int-High & Int-Low 2040 & 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenarios..................................................................................................................163 Table 4.30: Land Use Impacts Under the NOAA Int-Low 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario ................. 164 Table 4.31: Land Use Impacts Under the NOAA Int-Low 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario.................164 Table 4.32: Land Use Impacts Under the NOAA Int-High 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario ................165 Table 4.33: Land Use Impacts Under the NOAA Int-High 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario................165 GEOLOGICHAZARDS...........................................................................................................................166 OTHERNATURAL HAZARDS.................................................................................................................166 Figure 4.12: Wildfire Risk Areas in Broward County ................................................................168 Table 4.34: Estimated Number of Structures at Risk from Wildfire.......................................................170 HUMANCAUSED HAZARDS..................................................................................................................170 BIOLOGICALHAZARDS.........................................................................................................................170 Table 4.35: Broward County Communicable Disease Cases.................................................................171 SOCIETALHAZARDS.............................................................................................................................173 TECHNOLOGICALHAZARDS.................................................................................................................181 Map 4.17. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Sites........................................................................................183 Table 4.36: Estimated Exposure of People and Buildings by Jurisdiction (Fixed Site Toxic Release) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 185 Table 4.37: Estimated Exposure of People and Buildings by Jurisdiction (Mobile Site TRI) .............186 CONCLUSIONS ON HAZARD RISK........................................................................................................187 PRIORITYRISK INDEX..........................................................................................................................187 Table4.38: PR/ Category .............................................................................................................................188 Table4.39: Hazards......................................................................................................................................189 FINALDETERMINATIONS......................................................................................................................189 September 2022 Page 16 ARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.40: Conclusions on Hazard Risk for Broward County...—......................................................... 190 CHAPTER5 — MITIGATION INITIATIVES........... ................................. ......................................... ............. 191 EXISTING MITIGATION INITIATIVES ................. ..................................................................................... 191 BUILDING PERMITTING ACTIVITIES......................................................................................................192 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................................. . 192 FUNDINGPROGRAMS .......................................... .................................................................................192 FUTURE MITIGATION INITIATIVES ....... .............. .......... . ..................................................................1 .. 198 Table 5.1: Mitigation Capital Improvement Projects.................................................................................199 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ..................... .......................................................... ... 200 PRIORITIZATION OF MITIGATION PROJECTS ............ -.1.1.............................................................I......205 COUNTY INITIATIVES .............. .......... ................... .........................................................................206 ........ Table 5.2.E Eligible Project Activities of the 5 FEMA Mitigation Grant Programs...... ................. __ ....... 210 PENDINGWIND MITIGATION ACTIONS...... .......... __ ........................................................................... 211 COMPLETED FLOOD MITIGATION ACTIONS AND NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) BY JURISDICTION................................................................ ....................................................................... 211 BROWARD COUNTY, UNINCORPORATED BROWARD MUNICIPAL SERVICES DISTRICT — (CRS COMMUNITY) ............................................... ................................................................. 211 COCONUT CREEK, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ........... .........................................I......- ... 212 COOPER CITY, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY).................................................................................... 212 CORAL SPRINGS, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) .................. .........................I............................ 213 DANIA BEACH, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) .................... ...............................................................214 . DAVIE, TOWN OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ................... .......................................................—................. 214 DEERFIELD BEACH, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ............................................................................215 FORT LAUDERDALE, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ........................................................................... 215 HALLANDALE BEACH, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ......................................................................... 216 HILLSBORO BEACH, TOWN OF— (CRS COMMUNITY)......................................................................... 216 HOLLYWOOD, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) .............................................................. .... 1.1....... -...... 216 LAUDERDALE-BY-THE-SEA, TOWN OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ............................................................ 217 LAUDERDALELAKES, CITY OF..................................... ........................................................................ 218 LAUDERHILL, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ....................................................................................... 218 LAZY LAKE, VILLAGE OF .......................... .......... ............ ..................................................................... .. 218 LIGHTHOUSE POINT, CITY OF — {CRS COMMUNITY} ............... ........ I ..................... ..218 . MARGATE, CITY OF—{CRS COMMUNITY} ................... . .....................................................................219 MIRAMAR, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ............... ........................................................................... . 220 NORTH LAUDERDALE, CITY OF— {CRS COMMUNITY}.............................I................ 221 OAKLAND PARK, CITY OF—(CRS COMMUNITY) .................................................................................221 ......................................................... PARKLAND, CITY OF ................. ....................................... 222 PEMBROKEPARK, TOWN OF ................ ...............................................................................................223 PEMBROKE PINES, CITY OF- {CRS COMMUNITY)- .............. ............................................................ 223 PLANTATION, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ................................................................... 223 September 2022 page 17 iF L O R•1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 POMPANO BEACH, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ............................................................................. SEARANCH LAKES, VILLAGE OF 224 ......................................................................................................... 226 SOUTHWESTRANCHES, TOWN OF ...................................................................................................... 226 SUNRISE, CITY OF— (CRS COMMUNITY) ............................................................................................ TAMARAC, CITY OF — (CRS COMMUNITY) 226 ............................................... WESTPARK, CITY OF................................................................................. .......................................... 228 WESTON, CITY OF................................................................................................................................ 228 WILTONMANORS, CITY OF .................................................................................................................. CONTINUEDCOMPLIANCE 229 ................................................................................................................... 229 COUNTY -WIDE FLOOD LOSS REDUCTION STRATEGY ........................................................................ 229 APPENDICES.................................................................................................................................................. 231 APPENDIX A — PROJECT PRIORITIZATION MATRIX ............................................................................. 231 APPENDIX B — PROPOSED MITIGATION PROJECT FORM ................................................................... APPENDIX C — MITIGATION PROJECT LIST 231 ......................................................................................... APPENDIX D — LMSWG MEMBERSHIP LIST 231 ....................................................................................... APPENDIX E — PLANNING PROCESS SUPPORT DOCUMENTS 231 ............................................................ APPENDIXF — RESOLUTIONS 231 .............................................................................................................. 231 APPENDIX G — DISCONTINUED ELMS HAZARD PROFILES ................................................................ APPENDIX H — LOCAL ENHANCED PLAN AND MITIGATION INTEGRATION 231 SUMMARY ....................... 231 APPENDIX I — CRITICAL FACILITIES ..................................................................................................... 231 APPENDIX J — HAZARDS SUMMARY PROFILE ..................................................................................... APPENDIX K — LOSS ESTIMATION TOOL 231 ............................................................................................. 231 APPENDIX L — GRANT FUNDING SOURCES TABLE ............................................................................. APPENDIX M —ALL HAZARDS SURVEY 231 ............................................................................................... 231 September 2022 Page 18 Broward County Emergency Management BR,c.WARD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy COUNTY September 2022 Preface The Broward County Local Mitigation Strategy (LMS) was developed in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2004, 2009, 2012 and 2017. This 2022 update supersedes the prior versions. It was first adopted in March 2000, a follow-up revision was then adopted by the Broward County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) in April 2005 (Resolution #2005-344), and finally, the most recent official submission to FEMA was adopted by Resolution by the BOCC on January 5, 2010 (Resolution 2010-015). This document was reviewed by the Florida Division of Emergency Management for compliance and consistency with the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act), as amended by Section 322 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-390); the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended by the National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-264); and 44 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 201 — Mitigation Planning, inclusive of all amendments through September 16, 2009. In some chapters of the updated Broward County LMS for the year 2009, the data originally submitted in 2004 remained in the LMS as they identify the background and development of the LMS. In 2011-2012, at the County's initiative, the LMS was again updated. The County included enhanced components beyond FEMA's and the State of Florida's planning requirements to produce an "Enhanced LMS" (ELMS). The 2022 update of the plan further expands the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment components to examine new emerging threats and hazards for possible inclusion, particularly urban heat impact. The ELMS conforms to the scope of work items in the FEMA mitigation grant, while also closely mirroring the FEMA Enhanced State Mitigation Plan regulations (where appropriate for locals) and the State's preliminary draft Enhanced Plan Guidance. Overall, the ELMS has been the County's strategy for positive change for the County's mitigation program in multiple ways. For the ELMS, a beneficial cost-effectiveness screening tool and a framework for a more robust integration of hazard mitigation into the county's core civic business processes (e.g., comprehensive planning, capital improvement funding) was created. The ELMS has also been the drive of more involved mitigation partnering opportunities for the Emergency Management Division, Risk Management Division, the County's property insurer, and the Broward County Government Operations Climate Change group. (For more information on the Climate Change, see the "Sea Level Rise/Climate Change" subsection in Chapter 4; for more information on the County's Climate Change group, see the Capability Assessment Subsection of Chapter 6). These partnerships are broadening the reach of mitigation beyond emergency management to other vital county decision -making and investment processes. For example, the County is seeking to better integrate mitigation into yearly, on -going decisions about county growth, investment, and redevelopment, as well as partnering with other successful efforts, like climate change adaptation that share similar goals. The ELMS process has helped and will continue to explore short term and long-term strategies and mitigation opportunities on a longer time horizon (i.e., 10 to 20 years) than the required 5- year update, for which the initial steps should be started immediately. For example, climate change action efforts may take longer to plan and implement as well as measures included for funding under the Capital Improvement Plan (CIP), which is typically a 10-year horizon. The following list includes the primary ELMS components that will lead to more robust integrated mitigation efforts in the County: September 2022 Page 19 B "a RD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 INCREASED MITIGATION HOW ACCOMPLISHED EFFECTIVENESS A more detailed look at the ➢ Sea level rise subsection County's risk to natural hazards ➢ New urban heat impact subsection ➢ Detailed economic hot spot analysis describing risk in key economic areas. ➢ Updated Hazus runs for wind and flood hazards. ➢ Updated hazard profile information Emphasis on collaboration and ➢ Reinforce the Climate Change Task Force's coordination with other agencies Adaptation Action Areas for long term and organizations, especially planning. municipalities, the private sector ➢ Coordination with Risk Management and and other similar groups(Climate county insurer to collaborate on additional Change Government Action mitigation. Group) ➢ Reinvigorated Private Sector Committee ➢ Encourage municipalities to increase CRS class rating and provide training/awareness opportunities. ➢ Multiple opportunities and forums for discussing risk, actions, and priorities Integration into other pre- and ➢ Better integration with recovery planning (all post- disaster recovery processes documents under the Broward County Recovery Plan. These include the Recovery Support Functions (RSF), the Recovery Framework, Damage Assessment, and Infrastructure. ➢ Quickly identify opportunities to do Public Assistance 406 Mitigation by providing training on eligible projects, pre -identification of potential projects, when to identify and implement projects, and how to potentially comingle with other funding sources to maximize disaster resiliency. ➢ Prepare post -disaster SOP for vulnerable facilities. ➢ Disaster Housing (integration of Housing Vulnerability into ELMS) ➢ Identify in Continuity of Operations (COOP) plans facilities that need additional mitigation to preserve function in post -disaster environment Integration into community ➢ County seeks to find ways to better integrate planning processes mitigation into comprehensive planning and capital improvement planning. ➢ County encourages municipalities to follow this process and provides tools to do so Development of innovative tools ➢ Support future reorganization of the Mitigation to increase local mitigation Assessment Team (MAT) tool, which funding provides a mechanism for considering beptember 1012 Page 110 K, Broward County Emergency Management c,'M RD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy COUNTY September 2022 INCREASED MITIGATION HOW ACCOMPLISHED EFFECTIVENESS mitigation for each community investment (not just past -disaster and mitigation grants); helps instill a mindset to always consider mitigation) Continued use of the Loss r Loss Estimation Tool (LET), which helps Estimation Tool to better evaluate screening of potential mitigation projects to mitigation project ideas for FEMA measure cost-effectiveness for FEMA funding mitigation programs. Revise project prioritization criteria to better identify high quality, eligible -type, and effective hazard mitigation grant projects Review past mitigation actions to better define and validate their effectiveness Exercise of recovery and Reinforce important mitigation funding mitigation actions, strategies, and opportunities such as the Public Assistance objectives to increase likelihood 406 program in immediate recovery. of success in post -disaster Include hazard mitigation in emergency environment management training classes to heighten awareness for increasing the likelihood of project identification during response and recovery. Identify key officials and issues. Establish support networks. r Increase the effectiveness of working relationships The following are the most prevalent benefits of the ELMS for Broward County: Better educated and aware agencies and municipalities More channels for hazard mitigation integration and intra-county coordination (e.g., project identification, outreach and education, county funded mitigation, recovery, community planning processes, federal grants) Establishment of working relationships pre -disaster with multiple key stakeholders Increased community funding to mitigation. 1 ] piggyback on the county insurer's requirements; 2] look for mitigation opportunities in CIP process; 3) partner with County Government Operations Climate Change and LEED group. Initial screening of mitigation project candidates focuses County and municipal efforts on project ideas more likely to be eligible under FEMA programs. Increased discussion of best practices and lessons learned including input from jurisdictions and organizations outside of Broward. Increased participation in CRS September 2022 Page 11 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 ➢ Using the EMAP Hazard Mitigation standards as a benchmark and best practices. Ensuring the ELMS continues to meet the EMAP Hazard Mitigation standards augments the existing mitigation program and develops a greater ability to recover more quickly from disasters. ➢ Continuation of the robust and comprehensive hazard mitigation program in Broward County that will make the County and its municipalities more disaster resistant and resilient. This 2022 ELMS update includes the following information and data: Chapter 1 -Introduction Description of additions to the LMS document because of the ELMS planning process. Chapter 2 - Broward County Profile The Broward County Profile was revised with updated demographic and economic data to reflect current conditions in Broward County. Chapter 3 - Planning Process The original Planning Process and the 2002 update remains part of the LMS documentation, as it gives a history of the development of the LMS. In 2009, the chapter was revised to further define the LMS Working Group and the new Executive Committee. This chapter has been revised in this 2022 update to incorporate findings from meetings that occurred during the ELMS planning process, which includes an emphasis on the CRS program and engagement with the Planning Subcommittee to oversee the plan update cycle. It also includes Plan Maintenance. The plan maintenance and updating procedures were updated to ensure continued compliance with the Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP) standards. This section was revised during the ELMS process to include additional ways to integrate mitigation into other planning mechanisms. Chapter 4 - Risk Assessment This chapter underwent major revisions and updates in 2009, 2011-2012, 2017, and again in 2022 to depict risk more accurately for Broward County and its municipalities to all hazards. The risk data in the tables and figures were evaluated for current validity. If key risk data was insufficient, the information was updated. This chapter also includes a subsection on climate change and sea level rise, and urban heat impact. Chapter 5 - Mitigation Initiatives The Mitigation Initiatives chapter been revised to reflect current goals, objectives, and community actions. It also provides information on the project review and prioritization process as well as the incorporation and/or description of tools developed under the ELMS project (Loss Estimation Tool, Mitigation Assessment Team tool). In addition, the chapter has a section detailing compliance with Element 15 (Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Actions: NFIP Compliance) of the FEMA Planning Guidance. ,�eptemer zuzz Page 112 BW; ,WARD CaUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Appendix A - Project Prioritization Matrix A new Project Prioritization matrix was developed for the County in 2012 and revised as part of the EMAP self -assessment phase for Broward County in 2016. All current and future projects in Appendix C will be scored and ranked accordingly. Appendix E - Proposed Mitigation Project Farrn The Plan includes the LMS Proposed Project Form used to submit projects that reflects criteria in the Project Prioritization Matrix, key information needed to understand FEMA grant program eligibility, and information needed for CRS Activity 510. Appendix C - Mitigation Project List This list was updated on September 29, 2022, and it was recommended to the county to revise it again later in 2012 with sub applicants resubmitting their projects through the new Proposed Mitigation Project Form which was updated in 2016 to include consideration of hazards of most significant concern. The status for each project is included. Projects that have been completed or no longer viable are listed separately at the bottom of the list. This list has been evaluated and the projects that are not eligible for FEMA mitigation grants have been moved to a separate tab in the spreadsheet. The WebEaC LMS Dashboard is used by the LMS Working Group as a way of submitting proposed projects for review and consideration for funding by the Florida Department of Emergency Management Mitigation Branch. Appendix D - 01SWG Membership List This fist is updated with the current membership as of September 29, 2022. Appendix E- Planning Process Support Documents Changes that were made in 2022 to reflect the ELMS meetings in 2021 to 2022. Appendix F - Resolutions Includes most current resolutions. Appendix G - Discontinued ELMS Hazard Profiles (Formerly the CRS/NF[P 5upporthrfj Documentation} This appendix contains previous ELMS version Hazard Profiles that are no longer considered Hazards of Most Significant Concern because of the 2017 Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Workshop. Copies of CRS Form AW-214- or 3/5-year Cycle approval documentation for participating CRS communities are now being maintained by CRS Coordinators at the municipal level and are accessible through the LMS CRS Subcommittee/User Group. Appendix H - Local Enhanced Plan and Mitigation Integration Summartiy The Repetitive Loss Property information for the County is tracked by Broward County Emergency Management in accordance with FEMA guidelines. It is protected from release by the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. Section 552(2) and not available to the public. Therefore, a decision was made to open this appendix to a document available to the public, the Mitigation Integration Summary. This appendix includes recommendations on how to meet the proposed draft Local Enhanced Plan requirements from Florida. This appendix also includes a summary of plan integration efforts. Appendix - Critical Facilities This appendix shows Table 4.28, At -Risk Critical Facilities (Coastal Flood Events) September 2022 Page 113 N. 1 MINTZ 1.1 . , F L O R •I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Appendix J - Hazards Summary Profile (Changed from EMAP Crosswalk to Hazards Summary Profile in 2016 and updated in 2017) Describe the consequence analysis on the impacts of the following: public, responders, continuity of operations, property, facilities and infrastructure, the environment, economic condition, and public confidence in the Broward County's ability to govern. Appendix K - Loss Avoidance Studies (LAS)/Loss Estimation Tool (LET) Includes LAS study conducted in 2011-2012 and LET for flood and wind projects. Appendix L - Grant Funding Sources Appendix M - All Hazards Survey Includes the results of the All -Hazards Survey from responding jurisdictions. September 2022 Page 114 BK,'cAARD covNTY Chapter 1: Introduction Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Prior to the creation of the LMS, there was no existing comprehensive, cohesive, or coordinated hazard mitigation program established for Broward County and its 31 municipalities to deal with emergency response and recovery issues, long and short-term planning issues, and economic issues relating to mitigation. The development and implementation of a local mitigation strategy provides a mechanism to address issues that will reduce or eliminate exposure to hazard impacts. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) requires all local governments to have a hazard mitigation plan in place to receive mitigation funding from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The DMA 2000 (Public Law 106-390) indicates that as of November 1, 2004, any local government that does not have a FEMA approved hazard mitigation plan in place is not eligible to receive federal pre- or post -disaster hazard mitigation funding. This Plan represents all jurisdictions in Broward County. FEMA defines hazard mitigation as any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to life and property from a hazard event. Mitigation planning is defined as a process for systematically identifying policies, activities, and tools that can be used to implement those actions. The LMS has the on -going support of all Broward County municipalities, private sector, and nonprofit organizations. This document will be utilized as a viable working tool to mitigate losses. Mitigation will be institutionalized at the local level through the local mitigation strategy review process. Entities are encouraged to continue to identify and prioritize projects on a frequent basis and not just part of the annual review process. Broward County's 1.9 plus million residents are the ultimate benefactors of this hazard mitigation project. An immediate short-term benefit of this project is to provide a forum for discussion and implementation of mitigation for Broward County. Minimizing and breaking the repetitive cycle of destruction and rebuilding after a disaster is a long-term goal that may be achieved by the implementation of this strategy. The Enhanced LMS plan document and planning process continues to evolve to meet and/or exceed federal and state requirements with a goal of increasing its effectiveness including: • More coordination with the private sector through the Private Sector Committee ■ More emphasis on the county and municipalities obtaining more CRS credit points to improve their CRS Class Rating through a more robust CRS Subcommittee and CRS User Group • Development of tools that will help determine better candidates for FEMA mitigation grants by looking at the degree of risk as determine by potential future losses. • Development of a process/tool that can help identify year-round mitigation opportunities which include new construction, retrofits, upgrades, and enhancements. • Methodology for integrating with other county and municipal planning mechanisms including comprehensive plans and capital improvements plans. LMS Working Group The LMS Working Group (LMSWG) consists of designated representatives from each September 2022 Page 115 BN,c' WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 municipality, county government representatives that address the issues of unincorporated portions of the county and county owned facilities, Hospitals, School District, Universities, Housing Authorities, and Private Sector companies. State and federal agencies are also represented. The makeup of the Working Group is not limited to these entities. On the contrary, anyone who desires to participate in the LMSWG is welcome to do so. LMS Sub Committees To better structure the Working Groups' activities, several subcommittees work at addressing a specific area of concern. The Executive Committee serves as the overall governing body of LMS, represented by the chairperson and alternate of each subcommittee, the LMS Working Group Chair, and the LMS Coordinator. It also acts as the review committee for the ELMS Plan adoption and the prioritization of LMS projects. Membership on any subcommittee shall be voluntary and subject to the review of the Working Group. A subcommittee member who fails to attend a reasonable number of subcommittee meetings may be dropped from participation in the subcommittee by a majority vote of the other members of that subcommittee. As of September 2022, the LMSWG subcommittees are: • Planning • Education and Outreach • Resilience • Private Sector • Community Rating System (SRS) September 2022 Page 1 16 RD couNTr Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Chapter 2: Broward County Profile Geography Broward County comprises 1,225 square miles, located on the South Florida Peninsula, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades. It is bordered by Miami -Dade County to the south, Palm Beach County to the north, Collier County to the west, and Hendry County to the northwest. The County is characterized by flat low-lying topography, mostly less than ten feet (averaging 6 feet) above mean sea level, which must be drained and reclaimed to be developed. Additionally, 4.9 square miles adjacent to U.S. 27, have been designated and acquired for conservation in the East Coast Buffer/Water Preservation Area, The County has 24 miles of coastline and 300 miles of inland waterways. There are 2 state parks in Broward County. Attractive sand beaches and a subtropical climate have led to development of the County's tourism industry. Most beachfront land is built up with high-rise hotels and condominiums. Westward expansion of development continued through the first decade of the 2000's. Though the County is rapidly approaching a build -out state population growth continues with redevelopment of areas within a broad swath of Central Broward extending north and south from county -line to county -line. Broward County is accessible by road, rail, air, and sea. There are 3 interstate highways and Florida's Turnpike. Interstate 95 and the Turnpike provide the primary north -south connections. There are 2 north -south rail corridors that extend into Miami -Dade and Palm Beach counties: the Florida East Coast Railroad Company railway and the South Florida Rail Corridor (formerly CSX). Port Everglades seaport is the world's third largest cruise -port. About 2.5 million passengers were accommodated at the Port in 2020. This is a reduction due to the COVID 19 pandemic. On average between 2011 to 2019 Port Everglades accommodated 3.8 million passengers. In FY 21, The dollar value breakdown of all cargo types of Port -wide trade was nearly equal with exports representing 49.9% and impart representing 50.1 %. Port Everglades kicked off Fiscal Year 2022, which began October 1, 2021, with a record -setting first month reaching 94,588 TEUs (20-foot equivalent units. Container volumes were up 5.5 percent in October 2021 over the previous October record set in 2018, Fort Lauderdale -Hollywood International Airport passenger counts increased by 63.9% between 2010 and 2019. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic passenger counts reduced from 36,747,622 in 2019 to 16,484,132. In 2021, Fort Lauderdale -Hollywood International Airport (FLL) is one of the fastest -recovering airports in the U.S. in 2021. Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation industry in 2020, F L L ranked 6th in total passenger traffic recovery and 4th in international traffic recovery amongst U.S. airports, South Florida's Water Conservation Areas (WCA) 2 and 3 are two sections of northern Everglades. Water Conservation Area 2 (WCA-2) is a sawgrass wetland that encompasses an area of 210 square miles and represents the smallest of the three Everglades Water Conservation Areas. According to the 2021 South Florida Environmental Report 79.9% of the inflow water entering WCA-2 originates from the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Water Conservation Area 3 (WCA-3), the largest of the three Everglades WCA's, is in western Dade and Broward counties. WCA-3 covers an area of 915 square miles. The area is predominately a vast sawgrass marsh dotted with tree islands, wet prairies, and aquatic sloughs. The underdeveloped WCA September 2022 Page 117 .. . , • F l O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 makes up two-thirds of Broward County square mileage (see Map 4.1) and serve multiple water resource and environmental purposes, including flood control, water supply and habitat for South Florida's plant and animal communities. Ownership of the WCA's is mixed, with State, South Florida Water Management District, and private ownership. The State leases portions of its land to the Miccosukee Indian Tribe. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission is responsible for managing the area. There are 31 municipalities in Broward County. According to the 2020 Census, these communities ranged in population size from 33 (Lazy Lake) to 182,760 (Fort Lauderdale). Seven cities each have more than 100,000 residents: Fort Lauderdale, Pembroke Pines, Hollywood, Miramar, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, and Davie. Nine municipalities share the Broward County coastline. Demographics Much of the demographic information from this section was primarily taken from the United States Census Bureau decennial censuses (2000, 2010, & 2020) and the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates. According to 2020 Census, Broward County was the second most populous county in the State of Florida, with 1,944,375 people. At the 2010 Census conducted on April 1, 2010, the population of Broward County stood at 1,748,066. The percentage population gain from 2010 to 2020 was 11.2% (an increase of 196,309 people). Broward County is composed of 31 Municipalities as well as Broward Municipal Services District, also referred to as unincorporated areas. Data from Census 2000 was not available for 2 of the 31 municipalities, West Park and Southwest Ranches incorporated after April 2000. The most significant population increases between 2000 and 2010 were seen in Parkland (73%), Miramar (68%), and Weston (33%). The most significant percent change between 2010 and 2020 were seen in Parkland (45%), Lazy Lake (38%), Cooper City (21 %), and Tamarac (19%). In 2020, Fort Lauderdale (182,760) and Pembroke Pines (171,178) continued as the 2 largest Municipalities in Broward County, making up 18% of the total Broward County population (see Table 2.2). According to the 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, 314,061 people (16.3%) were 65 years of age or older, including 139,141 (7.2%) that were age 75 or older; there were also some 112,234 (5.8%) children under the age of 5 years. The percentages of people over 75 and under 5 years old have remained relatively stable between Census 2010 (7.1 % and 5.9%) and the 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates (7.2% and 5.8%). Broward County's ethnic and racial diversity continues to increase between Census 2010 and Census 2020 with the Hispanic population increasing from 25.1 % to 31.3%, the Non -Hispanic Black increasing from 25.7% to 26.6%, all Non -Hispanic Other race population increased from 3.9% to 5.1 %, and all non -Hispanic people of Multiple races increased 1.7% to 3.8%. Meanwhile, during the same timeframe between 2010 and 2020, the percentage of the Non -Hispanic White population decreased from 43.5% to 33.1 %. Median age in Broward has increased from 39.7 in 2010 to 40.4 in 2019. This is in part because the population 65 years and over has increased by 25.9%, 249,424 people to 314,061. Another special population within Broward County is the Homeless population. The Homeless population (sheltered and unsheltered) in Broward County consists of about 2,561 people according to the Broward County 2021 Point -In -Time (PIT) Homeless Count. This number represents a 33% decrease of Homeless people in Broward County from 2011. The survey that was conducted occurred during a challenging economy and pandemic, and thus it is possible that September 2022 Page 118 BK ,'AARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 this number does not accurately reflect the actual number of Homeless people within Broward County. A third special population is Broward's prison population. This population can be looked at two ways. The number of individuals whose county of commitment is Broward County is 6,536 per the Florida Department of Corrections 2018 Comprehensive Correctional Master Plan. The number of individuals incarcerated within Broward County is an average of 3,574 (October 2021) in County Facilities and 114 in the Florida Department of Corrections facility (Census 2020). The largest unique population to Broward County is the seasonal population. According to 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates over 200,000 people take residence in Broward County seasonal units. Due to continued urbanization Broward County has minimal farmland remaining. As such, Broward County's farm worker population is not significant enough to officially include in the demographic profile. The median household income in Broward County in 2019 was $59,547, 7% greater than the median household income for Florida. In 2019, 44,163 (6.4%) households in Broward County reported income of less than $10,000. 13.1 % of all people are currently living below the poverty level in Broward County. Poorer households are least likely to be able to withstand a major disaster since they have limited resources to invest in mitigation measures and insurance. As of 2020, Broward County had 860,329 total housing units, of which 756,657 were reported as occupied and 103,672 as vacant. In 2019, owner -occupied units (428,682) represent 62.1 % of housing units, while rentals (261,368) represent 37.9% of housing units. As the result of an elevation study conducted in the year 2000, there has been a significant reduction in the mandatory hurricane evacuation zones in Broward County. For a Category 1 & 2 hurricane, all areas east of the Intracoastal Waterway must be evacuated. For a Category 3 or higher storm, all areas east of Federal Highway (U.S. 1 ) must be evacuated. In addition, all mobile homes in Broward County must be evacuated for any level of hurricane regardless as to where they are in the County. The following table gives the pertinent data for the mandatory evacuation areas from the 2020 Census: Table 2.1: Mandatory Evacuation Areas Source: 2020 Census September 2022 Page 119 F L O R•1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy Map 2.1: Broward County Hurricane Evacuation Zones 2015 US Cwws Block Groups Q County Border OEveNellorn Zone A Census Block Wetr N W+E Groups O Munloprry OEvewelkn Zone B Census Block Groups O S.minoN T Oe of Florid. $ Broward County Hurricane unmcorponew srw wd county Mlea Evacuation Zones Swamp or Mersin 0 1 2 e A - B 9`' p. ML Ai PARKLAND or, 7CIREEK T EERFIELD RO BEACH .. A vu ar r Ap ;'! CORAL SPRINGS --j MARGATE 51 NORTH IF 95 eLE 7 SEA 1 J! 5 FOR .:I it gn ' 595 • as"oarii 't` 75• rRANCHES ■■� •• �� PEMB P IN t: Source: Broward County GIS September 2022 Page 120 BR;c"WARa couraT� Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 In 2000, because of the reduction of the mandatory hurricane evacuation zones, there had been a reduction of nearly 112,800 in the resident population that has to be evacuated for a Category 5 storm from around 261,600 based on evacuation zones prior to the year 2000 to around 148,800 for the evacuation zones established immediately following the 2000 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) elevation study. There are currently 146,787 in the evacuation zones. Senior citizens (retirees) make up a significant portion of those living in hurricane evacuation zones. The 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates shows that some 44,838 residents living in hurricane evacuation zones were age 65 and older, or 31.4% of all persons living in evacuation zones. County -wide, some 16.3% of the population was over 65 according 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates. In the Category 1 and 2 evacuation zones, the areas that are most likely to be evacuated, the population age 65 and over accounts for 45.5% of population in the area. In Categories 3, 4, the population age 65 and over accounts for 25.1 % of population in the area. According to the 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, there were 24,166 mobile homes in Broward County. This is a continuing reduction from the 2000 Census when mobile homes totaled 26,834. The number of mobile homes should continue to decline as there are virtually no new mobile home parks being established and several existing parks are being redeveloped for other uses including either permanent resident units or some other use. Broward County has a diverse population with residents migrating here from all over the globe. Associated with this diversity is a multiplicity of languages. According to 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, 58.7% of Broward's population speaks only English and approximately 748,671 residents speak a language other than English. An estimated 265,498 of the residents that speak a language other than English, do not speak English very well. Most of the residents that speak a language other than English are Spanish speakers (483,401). Approximately, 211,255 people speak other Indo-European languages and 30,585 people speak Asian and Pacific Islander languages. The ability to effectively communicate to residents is obviously a key element of successful emergency management, thus it is important to be aware of the languages spoken within Broward County to best tailor hazard mitigation planning in an understandable manner. Tables 2.2 and 2.3 are the latest demographic figures for Broward County and its municipalities from the 2000 Census, 2010 Census, 2020 Census, and the 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates. The largest change was in Parkland with a population growth of 44.69%. This was due to the great amount of construction activity of new housing in the past decade. September 2022 Page 121 'W'G'* WA COUNRDTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 2.2: Current Municipal Populations and Percent Changes: 2000, 2010, 2020 Jurisdiction Coconut Creek Population Census 000 43,566 Population Census 2010 52,909 Population Census 2020 57,833 Percent Change 2000-2010 21.45% Percent Change 2010-2020 9.31% Cooper City 27,939 28,548 34,401 2.18% 20.50% Coral Springs 117,549 121,096 134,394 3.02°k ° 10.98/0 Dania Beach 20,061 29,639 31,723 47.74% 7.03% Davie 75.720 91,992 105,691 21.49% 14.89% Deerfield Beach 64,583 75,018 86,859 16.16% 15.78% Fort Lauderdale 152,397 165,521 182,760 8.61°k ° 10.41 /° Hallandale Beach 34,282 37,113 41,217 8.26% 11.06% Hillsboro Beach 2,163 1,875 1,987 -13.31% 5.97% Hollywood 139,357 140,768 153,067 1.01 % 8.74% Lauderdale by the Sea 5,582 6,056 6,198 8.49% 2.34% Lauderdale Lakes 31,705 32,593 35,954 2.80% 10.31% Lauderhill 57,585 66,887 74,482 16.15% 11.35% Lary Lake 38 24 33 -36.84% 37.50% Lighthouse Point 10,767 10,344 10,486 -3,93% 1.37% Margate 53,909 52,284 58,712 -3.01% 12.29% Miramar 72,739 122,041 134,721 67.78% 10.39% North Lauderdale 32,264 41,023 44,794 27.15% 9.19% Oakland Park 30,966 41,363 44,229 33.58% 6.93% Parkland 13,835 23,962 34,670 73.20% 44.69% Pembroke Park 6,299 6,102 6,260 -3.13% 2.59% Pembroke Pines 137,427 154,750 171,178 12.61% 10.62% Plantation 82,934 84,955 91,750 2.44% 8.00% Pompano Beach 78,191 99,845 112,046 27.69% 12.22% ` Sea Ranch Lakes 734 670 540 -8.72% -19.40%° Southwest Ranches not available* 7,345 7,607 3.57% Sunrise 85,779 84,438 97,335 -1.56% 15.27% Tamarac 55,588 60,427 71,897 8.71 % ° 18.98 � Broward Municipal Services District 129,437 17,357 16,888 ° -86.59 /° -2.70% West Park not available* 14,156 15,130 6.88% Weston 49,286 65,333 68,107 32,56% 4.25% Wilton Manors 12,697 11,632 11,426 -8.39% -1.77% TOTAL 1,625,379 1,748,066 1,944,375 9.25% 11.23% Source: 2000, 2010, and 2020 Census September 2022 Page 122 KWARD ,AITY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table Jurisdiction Coconut Creek 2.3: Other Key Demographic Data per HouseholdsPercent of Land Area Total (sq. miles) r Population r r 2.97% 11.8 24,262 Municipality Age 2019 40.2 $ 62,973.00 Cooper Uty 1.77% 8.4 11,410 39.8 $ 106,795,00 Corals Hn s 6.91% 23.9 45,892 37.4 $ 77,360,00 Dania Beach 1.63% 8.3 13,422 40.1 $ 47,135.00 Davie 5.44% 35.6 39,025 36.8 $ 71,780.00 Deerfield Beach 4.47% 16.2 37,858 42.9 $ 48,124.00 Fort Lauderdale 9.40% 36.3 84,409 42.1 $ 59,450,00 Hallandale Beach 2.12% 4.4 19,512 44.8 $ 39,184,00 Hillsboro Beach 0.10% 0.5 1,169 66.6 $ 73,558,00 Hollywood 7.87% 29.3 61,941 41.6 $ 54,251,00 Lauderdale by the Sea 0.32% 0.9 3,626 63.6 $ 72,537.00 Lauderdale Lakes 1.85% 3.7 12,910 37.6 $ 35,532,00 Lauderhill 3.83% 8.6 27,117 35.7 $ 41,723,00 Lazy Lake 0.00% 0 14 44.5 $ 250,000.00 + _ Lighthouse Point 0.54°% 2.4 5,048 52.9 $ 81,445.00 Margate 3.02% 9 23,163 46.4 $ 45,594,00 Miramar 6.93% 31.2 42,272 37 $ 70,669.00 North Lauderdale 2.30°% 4.7 14,306 33.6 $ 43,759.00 Oakland Park 2.27% 8.2 19,091 41 $ 51,377.00 Parkland 1,78% 14A 10,848 41.1 $ 154,844.00 Pembroke Park 0.32% 1.7 2,467 32.4 $ 38,119.00 Pembroke Pines 8,80% 34.8 63,080 40.9 $ 68,745.00 Plantation 4.72% 21.8 36,653 40.2 $ 74,903.00 Pompano Beach 5.76% 24.6 47,751 42.8 $ 49,518.00 Sea Ranch Lakes 0,03% 0.2 192 51.3 $ 206,667.00 Southwest Ranches 0,39% 13 2,364 46.7 $ 124,591.00 Sunrise 5.01 % 18.1 37,348 39.5 $ 54,744.00 Tamarac 3.70% 12 31,461 47.1 $ 48,930.00 Broward Municipal Services District* 0.87% 808.1 5,353 35.1 $ 46,321.00 West Park 0.78% 2.2 4,613 34.7 $ 46,765.00 Weston 3.50% 26.1 21,845 40.4 $ 107,908.00 Wilton Manors 0.59% 2 6,235 52.8 $ 70,465.00 Source: 2020 Census and 2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Note: * Land area for BMSl3 includes Water Conservation, County Regional Facilities, Tribal Land, and unincorporated residential areas. Economy According to Census 2020, Broward County is in the 8th largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (the Miami -Ft. Lauderdale -Pompano Beach MSA) in the country. Broward County is a Service and Retail -driven economy. A Service and Retail economy is concentrated in the industry sectors of the financial services, hospitality, retail, health, human services, information technology, and education. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis in 2020 these industries represented 52% of the gross domestic product of Broward County. There is no surprise that population growth brings along employment growth. While the population grew by 11.23% from September 2022 Page 123 BW WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 2010 to 2020, Broward's labor force for this same period had an average labor force of 991,079. The labor force continues to grow with the current a current labor force of 1,062,260 in October 2021. The average unemployment rate between 2010 to 2020 was 6.4%. The unemployment rate for 2018 was 3.4% (35,454); 2019 was 3.2% (33,239); and for 2020 was at 8.9% (90,289). According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rate for 2021 has trended favorably with an unemployment rate of 4.2% (44,786) in October 2021. In comparison, the rate was 9.8% in October 2010. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Broward had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $55,908 in 2020. This PCPI ranked 12th in the state and was 100.4 percent of the state PCPI, $55,675, and 105.9% of the national PCPI, $48,112. The 2020 PCPI reflected an increase of 5.8% from 2019. The 2019-2020 state change was 5.0% and the national change was 6.9%. In 2010, the PCPI of Broward was $41,156 and ranked 10th in the state. The 2010-2020 annual growth rate of PCPI was 3.1 %. The annual growth rate for the state was 3.7% and for the nation was 1.0%. In 2020, Broward had a personal income of $109,473,926. This personal income ranked 3rd in the state and accounted for 9.0% of the state total. In 2010, the personal income of Broward was $72,139,286 and ranked 3rd in the state. As mentioned above, Broward's economy is dominated by service and retail industries. According to the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages in 2020, the service and retail industries make up 51.2% of all employment in Broward County. The industries with the largest increases in employment between 2010 and 2020 in Broward County were Management of Companies and Enterprises (56.4%), Construction (53.6%), and Transportation and Warehousing (44.9%). The top 5 employment sectors during 2020 in Broward County are currently Health Care and Social Assistance (14.1%), Retail Trade (13.2%), Administrative and Waste Services (9.1%), Accommodation and Food Services (9.0%), and Professional and Technical Services (7.0%). Between 2010 and 2020 Broward County saw an increase of 89,564 jobs. Broward's increase of jobs during this time ranked 5t' amongst all counties. The top 3 sectors that saw the largest increase from 2010 to 2020 were Health Care and Social Assistance (16,891), Construction (16,830), and Administrative and Waste Services (16,111). The increase in these 3 sectors represent 55.6% of all jobs created in Broward County between 2010 and 2020. The economy of 2020 was a period where there have been more employment reductions. All sectors in Broward County saw reductions between 2019 and 2020. The largest percentage change was in Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation (-22.2%) and Accommodation and Food Services (-21.6%). Broward County's economy remains a Service and Retail dominated economy. In 2021 currently, most of all sectors saw a positive change in employment. During this period, the industries with the largest positive change were the same Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation (11.1%) and Accommodation and Food Services (10.8%). This change is also reflected in the unemployment rate which averaged at 8.9% in 2020 and has reduced to an average year to date unemployment rate of 5.1 % in 2021. Currently, the estimated market value of all property in Broward County (according to the Broward County Property Appraiser) is $309.8 billion. The following tables provide a breakdown of key economic areas by municipality. In most municipalities, the labor force size, median household income, and household expenditures have increased. September 2022 Page 124 BR;U:WARD c�uNTr Broward County Emergency Management Entranced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 2.4. Key Economic Factors by Community risdictio Coconut Creek ments* .. 22,209 Force Rate 32,609 2.0% loyment UnempGrowth Rate" 4.8% Household income" $62,973,00 2021 Average Household Expenditures* 670,956,74 2,060 Cooper City 1,371 8,929 19,067 1.9% 3.2% $106,795,00 $110,701.51 Coral S rin s 6,700 51,286 72,979 0.6% 6.7% $77,360.00 $89,798.80 Dania Beach 2,666 25,603 16,677 0.2% 7.6°% $47,135.00 $61,166.03 Davie 6,649 49,763 58,672 1.7°% 4.3% $71,780.00 $86,868.69 Deedeld Beach 5,625 56,385 42,307 0.6% 7.1% $48,124.00 $57.727.18 Fort Lauderdale 20,452 190,822 98,499 0.8°% 7.0% $59.450.00 $88,621.89 Hallandale Beach 2,989 18,111 20,678 1.5°% 7.3% $39,184.00 $54,166.67 Hillsboro Beach 71 396 585 0.5°% 4.8°% $73,558.00 $109,174.86 Hollywood10,603 84,628 82,933 0.8% 6.5°% $54,251.00 $6B4O54.41 Lauderdale by the Sea 499 2,522 2,943 -0.1°% 1.4°% $72,537.00 $106,452.77 Lauderdale Lakes 1,167 8,309 17,649 -0.3°% 9.7°% $35,532.00 $41,489.43 Lauderhill 2,454 15,453 35,585 0.1% 8.1°% $41,723.00 $48,148.07 Lazy Lake - - 25 13.5% 0.0% $250,000.00+ $77,042.91 Lighthouse Paint 673 3,949 5,808 0.7% 1 3.1% $81,445.00 $120,381.63 Margate 2,600 20,790 31,962 0.9°% 5.4% $45,594.00 $57,350.91 Miramar 4,353 35,642 77,284 i.TX3 5.0% $70,669.00 $79,457.19 North Lauderdale 1,002 7,201 25,140 1.3% 8.1°% $43,759.00 $51,592,20 Oakland Park 4,244 25,707 26,796 0.3% 7.6% $51,377.00 $61,664,25 Parkland 730 4,224 14,250 2.4°% 3.6% $154,844.00 $167,174.98 Pembroke Park 726 5,539 3,195 1.9°% 5.3% $38,119.00 $37,079.5B Pembroke Pines 7,153 53,932 89,496 1.1% 5.4°% $68,745.00 $79,093.87 Plantation 5,686 52,688 51,9i0 0.7% 4.3% $74,903.00 $85,426.65 Pompano Beach 9,591 74,129 54,467 1.0°% 7.7% $49,518.00 $63,589.35 Sea Ranch Lakes 86 404 232 -2.7% 1.3°% $206,667.00 $128,838.05 Southwest Ranches 361 2,411 4,484 1.2°% 5.7°% $124,591.00 $128,643.04 Sunrise 5,621 48,374 50,118 0.5% 5.8% $54,744.00 $65,178.23 Tamarac 2,517 19,810 34,182 1.0°% 4.9°% $48,930,00 $56,771.80 Broward Municipal Services District 482 3,506 8,455 1.9% 9.711/o $46,321.17 $51,505.41 West Park 660 3,051 7,546 0.8% 6.6°% $46,765.00 $53,406,14 Weston 3,355 22,911 34,111 0.6% 4.5% $107,908.00 $120,938.98 Wilton Manors 1,089 6,405 7,559 0.0°% 4.4% $70,465.00 $87,433.45 TOTAL 114,235 975089 1,028,503 1 1.0°% 6.1°% $70,186.00 $80,184.24 Source: * 2021 Esd Demographics and **2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates September 2022 Page 125 !Niel�., • F L O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Chapter 3: Planning Process Historical Review After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Broward County first applied for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) projects through FEMA. At that time, there was not a countywide hazard mitigation plan in existence for Broward County. In the mid- 1990's as part of trying to implement the 404 (mitigation)/406 Public Assistance programs and the HMGP program for Hurricane Andrew, Broward County recognized a void and began the process to formulate the County's first hazard mitigation plan. The Plan has seen many updates and versions since to address current hazard mitigation practices and planning. Over those first years, Broward became selected to be a FEMA Project Impact community as well as the Institute for Business and Home Safety Showcase mitigation community to highlight best practices for mitigation and be a catalyst for others. Broward County's Hazard Mitigation Plan was created in October 1997 incorporating those mitigation incubators. Broward's Hazard Mitigation Plan was first developed prior to the State's Local Mitigation Strategy guidelines/crosswalk and the Disaster Mitigation Act 2000. Initial membership in the first workgroup known as the Mitigation Task Force included county agencies, a coastal community representative, a non -coastal community representative, nonprofit groups, and the private sector. The next version of the hazard mitigation plan turned into Broward County's Local Mitigation Strategy to capture updates needed since the enactment of DMA 2000 with FEMA review stipulations and State review with guidelines /crosswalk. The Mitigation Task Force was expanded in March 2005 to include 31 municipalities, additional county agencies, and private and nonprofit groups to reach a total membership of 49 members. Monthly meetings were typically held. Broward County's Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy has evolved during each review and update. As Broward County began the next revision for 2012 it was determined that Broward County Local Mitigation Strategy shall be viewed as a component with Broward County's Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan and thus the plan review process should complement each other. Further, the review and update should be like the planning process the County undertakes with the County's Comprehensive Plan and similar planning initiatives. The Mitigation Task Force was changed to be an actual local mitigation strategy work group (LMSWG) with Broward County government as the lead and membership representing stakeholders and partners with roles as part of the internal review structure and not part of separately reporting through boards. There is now better alignment with the established Broward County governmental planning practices and then ultimately meeting the needs of the criteria as identified though the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM) and FEMA. Timelines have been modified to address moving from a three-year review to a five-year review unless an event warrants further updates off cycle. In the 2017 update of the Local Mitigation Strategy, it was modified to reflect an "Enhanced" Local Mitigation Strategy plan (ELMS) and certain components were updated as part of a Pre -Disaster Mitigation grant. The ELMS 2022 version today still has those components in place. As of September 2022, there are 112 members representing a cross -body of partners participating in the Local Mitigation Strategy Work Group for Broward County. Planning Process The Broward County Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy plan development is coordinated through the Local Mitigation Strategy Executive and Planning subcommittees who participate in September 2022 Page 126 BIB; Ckp ,crWRD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 the Local Mitigation Strategy meetings and review drafts of the plan at key stages. These subcommittees are comprised of Broward County department staff, staff from municipalities, and other constituent organizations. As with any LMSWG meeting, the public is always welcome to attend, and all meeting are advertised in compliance with the Florida Sunshine law. The planning process for this updated version of the Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy was significantly challenged due to timing issues associated with the Pandemic. Almost two- and one- half years of time that was pre -scheduled for the revision during this review cycle, was with Broward County being under a Local State of Emergency (from March 10, 2020, until May 10, 2022) for Covid and with many of the key staff and agencies providing vital support for COVI❑ response operations, During the COVID pandemic, there were no in -person LMSWG quarterly meetings held. Thus, up until the second half of 2022, the LMSWG quarterly meetings were conducted virtually. Beginning with the second quarterly meeting that was conducted on June 22, 2022, the meetings for the rest of the year were conducted in a "hybrid" format with both in -person and virtual attendees participating. This 2022 ELMS update was developed utilizing the following resources and information: ■ Broward Emergency Management Division Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) • Broward Emergency Management Division Recovery Plan • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Risk Index • FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer • FEMA Repetitive Loss and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties Report for Broward County, 2022 • FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Unified Guidance • US Census Bureau • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Hurricane Center • NOAA National Climatic Center Storm Event Database ■ NOAA Storm Prediction Center, 2022 • NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information NOAA Slosh Model ■ Broward County Property Appraiser 2022 Tax Roll Data • Broward County Population Forecasting Model • Broward County GIS ■ Broward County HAZUS-MH ■ Broward County Resilient Environment Department ■ Killer Heat in the United States: Climate Choices and the Future of Dangerously Hot Days, Union of Concerned Scientists (2019), and the Southeast Florida Regional Compact (2022) • PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University • Earthstar Geographics • Earth Economics (2020) Urban Heat Island Analysis of Broward County ■ Koppen Climate Classification • US Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer: Landsat Analysis Ready Data (ARD) Surface Temperature 5entember 2022 Page 127 F L O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 • Fort Lauderdale Daily Climatological Records • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • Florida Department of Health • Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic Release Inventory Basic Data Files, 2022 General Body The general body of the Local Mitigation Strategy Work Group (LMSWG) is composed of representatives from all 31 municipalities, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, essential governmental and non -governmental stakeholders, Hospitals, School Board of Broward County, Universities, Housing Authorities, and other public and interested parties who provide information on existing and/or potential projects that mitigate the effects of hazards within Broward County. Pertinent county agencies have been identified and are actively engaged in the whole life cycle of the planning process to achieve a united effort for Broward County government. The County and supporting agencies have the primary mission to keep mitigation initiatives moving forward through the planning processes and supporting other public and private sector partners that have interests and/or membership on the Broward County LMS Working Group. Members of the Working Group shall review the strategy and assist in the identification of potential mitigation projects as assigned. All LMS Working Group meetings are open to the public and are advertised in accordance with Florida Sunshine laws. Public participation is encouraged in the planning process and any comments shall be taken into consideration. In the future, a new, dedicated interactive mitigation website may be developed and utilized in the planning process. The LMSWG general body membership meets quarterly, and members are required to participate in at least 2 meetings per year. The general body plays an integral role identifying existing and potential mitigation activities and actions that will make Broward County more resilient to natural and human caused disasters. In the 2021-2022 LMS meetings, the general body was presented with the various components of the ELMS, as well as hearing guest speakers on mitigation in disaster recovery, FEMA, and the Florida Division of Emergency Management mitigation grant programs. Committees Committees from the Local Mitigation Strategy Work group have been established to assist in the planning process. These committees have assigned roles and responsibilities to ensure plan maintenance is achieved through monitoring, evaluation, implementation, and revision. Executive Committee The Executive Committee was formed in 2009 and has continued to serve in this same capacity today. The Executive Committee acts as the leading overall governing body of the Local Mitigation Strategy Work Group. Its responsibilities are as follows: • Support plan development, monitoring, evaluation, implementation, and revision • Attend all scheduled meetings. • Approve overall LMS Goals and Objectives • Provide subject matter expertise. September 2022 Page 128 BR,C;WARD Broward County Emergency Management couNTr Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 ■ Assist in evaluating and prioritizing mitigation actions, Planning Subcommittee The Planning Subcommittee was originally formed in March 1998 to serve as the working group for the Broward County Mitigation Task Force, The Planning subcommittee as it stands today is part of Broward County's Local Mitigation Strategy Workgroup and is charged with the review and revisions to Local Mitigation Strategy. The Planning group shall be chaired by a member of the Resilience Environment Dept. to ensure county wide planning and reliance initiatives are incorporated and addressed throughout the County's Local Mitigation Strategy and in other County plans and programs. The Planning Committee remains responsible for research and on -going development for the Local Mitigation Strategy, evaluation and enhancement procedures, a conflict resolution mechanism, planning analysis, and mitigation initiative identification and prioritization procedures, Although Planning subcommittee overall membership can fluctuate over time at a minimum Broward County Emergency Management staff and Resilience Dept. agency staff shall be part of the subcommittee to facilitate and formulate the plan components moving forward to achieve a viable plan for Broward County government and its partners. As of September 2022, the Planning Subcommittee includes members representing the Broward Emergency Management Division, the Broward County Resilience Environment Dept. agencies, the City of Fort Lauderdale, the City of Pembroke Pines, the City of Miramar, the Broward Housing Council, and the City of Pembroke Park. Education g Outreach Subcommittee The original Education and Outreach Subcommittee (formerly Education and Training Committee) was created in March 1998 to address mitigation education and training issues for the Mitigation Task Force and has morphed over time to address current community needs as a subcommittee for Local Mitigation Strategy Workgroup. A mission was developed by the Committee to promote mitigation education and outreach to strengthen Broward County's readiness for disasters and its capacity to minimize disaster - induced loss of life and property. Public education and awareness activities include articles, radio spots, flyers, fairs, conferences, workshops, and notices of public meetings to solicit public involvement. The primary goal of the subcommittee is to promote an awareness and understanding of disaster mitigation theory and practice, particularly of structural retrofitting and to advocate preparedness, through education, outreach and training. Objectives determined to meet this goal included: • To identify which segments of the community are most at risk and therefore, most in need of education and outreach about disaster mitigation. • To develop strategies for teaching the community about disaster mitigation in a timely and effective manner • To coordinate with existing entities teaching about disaster preparedness and to encourage the dissemination of correct and up to date information about mitigation and preparedness. ■ To serve as a clearinghouse for the delivery of disaster mitigation information The original Education and Training Committee's goals and objectives were provided to the Planning committee for incorporation into the overall local mitigation goals and objectives. The September 2022 Page 129 .. , F l O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 renamed Education and Outreach Committee now meets as needed to address the tasks associated with accomplishing the objectives. Accomplishments beyond the development of goals and objectives include identification of potential mitigation projects and the creation of a mitigation speaker's bureau. Available Mitigation training includes existing courses offered by FEMA and the Florida Division of Emergency Management. Local requests for outreach and training courses are being processed on a case - by -case basis through the EOC training and outreach section staff. The Local Mitigation Strategy Coordinator routinely distributes related training notices as received from federal, state, regional agencies, and professional associations to the entire LMSWG membership so they can further promote within their entities and to the public as needed. The LMS Coordinator, in coordination with the Subcommittee, works with the Office of Public Communications year-round to disseminate hazard mitigation information to the public. For post - disaster operations, Emergency Support Function (ESF) #14 Public Information will continue to assume this role with the EOC Mitigation Unit. As of September 2022, the Education and Outreach Subcommittee includes representatives from Broward County Emergency Management, the Broward Sheriffs Office, the City of Lauderhill, Memorial Healthcare System, the City of Southwest Ranches, the American Red Cross Broward Chapter, Florida International University, the Florida Division of Emergency Management, the Broward County Office of Public Communications, the City of Lauderdale Lakes, and the Food for The Poor nonprofit. Private Sector Subcommittee The Private Sector Committee was created to strengthen the ties between the public and private sector as it relates to mitigation activities and business continuity of operations and recovery. The Committee is a valuable resource of information to the business community. In turn, the input from the private sector is utilized in the planning process for enhancement in the ELMS Plan. Members of the committee include Broward County Office of Economic and Small Business Development, the Broward Alliance (600 major corporations, 17 chambers of commerce, and 31 municipalities), and Broward County Emergency Management Division. The ESF#18 - Business and Industry, for the County's Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, was developed to address business and tourism needs during an emergency activation and recovery and will interface with ESF 14 — Public Information and the EOC Mitigation Unit if the EOC is activated for any business -related mitigation matters. As of September 2022, the Private Sector Subcommittee includes representatives from Broward County Emergency Management, the City of Miramar, the City of Pompano Beach, the City of Coral Springs, Tidal Basin Consultants, and the Broward County Office of Economic and Small Business Development. CRS Subcommittee The CRS (Community Rating System) Subcommittee is a resource to the County for exploring ways to expand the CRS programs for all jurisdictions. The subcommittee also interacts with other important county flood mitigation groups including the Broward Surface Water Coordinating Council comprised of the SFWMD (South Florida Water Management District) and the various local drainage districts. All of Broward County's CRS communities have membership access and September 2022 Page 130 BR' ,WARD cQuNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 participate in this committee throughout the year. As of September 2022, the CRS Subcommittee included some main representatives from Broward County Emergency Management, the City of Fort Lauderdale, the City of Hollywood, the City of Hallandale Beach, and the Broward County Resilient Environment Department. Resilience Subcommittee The Resilience Subcommittee was created in 2019 to support the ongoing emphasis of addressing resiliency throughout programs areas at the various levels of government and with partners. The Resiliency subcommittee shall be chaired by the Chief Resiliency Officer, Deputy Chief Resiliency Officer, or their designee. Membership includes Broward County agency members such as Emergency Management, and Natural Resources. Representatives from the Resilience subcommittee are also part of Broward County Government Operations Climate Change workgroup, led by the Resilience Environment Dept. This allows synergy and opportunity for Broward County governmental divisions/departments to assist in implementing various elements of the Climate Change Action Plan along with mitigation activities with the Local Mitigation Strategy. The City of Fort Lauderdale, City of Pompano Beach, City of Hollywood, City of Hallandale Beach, City of Plantation, and Town of Pembroke Park are some of the participating municipal partners. September 2022 Page 131 LEI 02 T =TA F L. O R I O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Plan Maintenance This section describes the process that will ensure the Plan remains an effective and relevant document over time. It establishes the method and schedule for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the Local Mitigation Strategy during a 5-year plan update cycle. This section includes discussion of some of the ways there is continual integration with other community planning processes and input into county financial investment decisions while recognizing the on -going importance of obtaining state and federal grants to assist with financing mitigation actions. In addition, the section describes how the public will continue to be involved in the mitigation planning process. For this 2022 update, the Plan was not revised due to a change in priorities within jurisdictions. While the revisions reflect updates in such areas as the identification of Significant Hazards, demographics, etc., the priorities among all jurisdictions remain unchanged. Method and Schedule for Monitoring, Evaluation, & Revision The Local Mitigation Strategy Working Group has identified procedures for the periodic review of the local mitigation strategy. This process provides a coordinated approach for municipal, county regional, and state review at the various level of government. The LMS Working Group, which includes municipal, county, and other organizational representatives meets quarterly unless otherwise noted to discuss mitigation strategies and projects. Plan Maintenance Method and Approach The LMS Working Group Planning Subcommittee created the plan method and maintenance approach consistent with the process and steps presented in FEMA's How -To -Guide: "Bringing the Plan to Life" (FEMA 386-4). The following FEMA requirements are addressed in this section: Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(1): [The plan maintenance process shall include a] section describing the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan with a 5-year cycle. Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(ii): [The plan shall include a] process by which local governments incorporate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, where appropriate. Requirement §201.6(c)(4)(111): [The plan maintenance process shall include a] discussion on how the community will continue public participation in the plan. Municipal All participating municipalities shall have membership in the LMS Working Group. Each municipality should form a municipal working group to review the local mitigation strategy and identify potential mitigation programs/projects in their communities. Residents and adjacent or impacted communities need to be included in the review process at the local level. This mechanism will serve to expand and improve upon the capabilities that are described in this plan. Since the 2017 update, all municipalities that adopted this Plan have incorporated the information into their respective mitigation strategy planning. September 2022 Page 132 BR`,crWARD couNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The following participating municipalities will be seeking approval of the Plan: Coconut Creek City Cooper City City Coral Springs City Dania Beach City Davie Town Deerfield Beach City Fort Lauderdale City Hallandale Beach City Hillsboro Beach Town Hollywood City Lauderdale -by -the -Sea Town Lauderdale Lakes City Lauderhill City Lazy Lake Village Lighthouse Point City Margate City Miramar City North Lauderdale City Oakland Park City Parkland City Pembroke Park Town Pembroke Pines City Pompano Beach City Plantation City Sea Ranch Lakes Village Southwest Ranches Town Sunrise City Tamarac City West Park City Weston City Wilton Manors City In addition, the following Special Districts will be seeking approval of the Plan: Coral Springs Improvement District South Broward Drainage District Memorial Hospital System September 2022 Page 133 0 R i. , F l O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The LMS should be reviewed at the municipal level on an annual basis. An updated project list from each municipality shall be composed and submitted to Broward County Emergency Management Division by mid -January of each year as part of the revisions to the Local Mitigation Strategy. Possible viable projects should be sought throughout the year and placed in the WebEOC Mitigation project portal or removed/altered during the open enrollment cycle. County Components of the LMS shall be reviewed and updated annually including a revised countywide mitigation project list and membership roster. The review, revision and evaluation will be done through completion of the annually required Florida Administrative Code (FAC) 27P annual report to the state and discussed at quarterly Working Group meetings. Consolidation of municipal proposed revisions to the project list should be completed by January 15th of each year. A WebEOC mitigation project board was created to annually track and update possible mitigation projects by the County. An internal review shall be conducted by the Broward County Emergency Management Division as part of the annual self -assessment process. All county/municipal revisions shall be reviewed by staff and the LMS Working Group as needed, and the changes will be submitted to the Emergency Management Director or designee for approval, if deemed necessary. All applicable components of the ELMS may be incorporated into the Broward County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan as part of the annual review process. The Broward County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan is reviewed and approved by the State every 4 years. Any proposed revisions from the State review of the CEMP will be part of the revisions submitted to the Board of County Commissioners. All necessary changes to Broward County and municipal comprehensive plans should be added into the established review schedule for the applicable elements and amendments. Exercises shall be occurring that are based upon the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment of Broward County's Local Mitigation Strategy and existing roles as assigned per the Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan and supporting SOPs. The Integrated Preparedness Plan for Broward shall also focus on those hazards for exercises and training opportunities to address the need and be focused on the identified hazards and risks as outlined in the Local Mitigation Strategy. Mitigation initiatives shall be incorporated into county and state exercises as applicable. This mechanism will serve to expand and improve upon the capabilities that are described in this plan. Regional A revised Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy may be submitted to the South Florida Regional Planning Council (SFRPC) for review as a member of the LMS Working Group. Copies of the Local Mitigation Strategy may be available for adjacent counties and other applicable jurisdictions for comments. The LMS Working Group has identified a regional conflict resolution procedure. Any disputes arising from the local mitigation strategy shall be mediated utilizing the South Florida Regional Planning Council Dispute Resolution Process. The SFRPC has established a Regional Dispute September 2022 Page 134 BRti WARD Broward County Emergency Management COUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Resolution Process (RDRP), as specified by Florida Statutes, 186.509. '`Participation in the RDRP does not waive any party's right to judicial or administrative action, nor does it convey or limit intervener status or standing in any judicial or administrative proceeding. State The revised ELMS shall be submitted to the State of Florida, Division of Emergency Management for review and comment as required by the 5-year FEMA review cycle or as directed by the division. This 2022 ELMS is being submitted as a full update to the State and FEMA and will be adopted by the Broward County Board of County Commissioners and the municipalities. The next update will be due to the State in early 2027. Procedures have been identified to ensure that a broad group of local government representatives, citizens, adjacent community representatives, and county liaisons participate in the review and revision of the local mitigation strategy. Implementation Each municipality and Broward County is responsible for implementing mitigation actions as prescribed in this plan. Under the direction of the LMS Executive Committee and the coordination of the Broward County Emergency Management Division, funding will be sought from a variety of sources to implement mitigation projects in both pre -disaster and post -disaster environments. In addition, each municipality will be responsible for the integration of mitigation actions into the planning processes of their respective communities and providing mitigation input into their respective municipal capital improvement/risk management process. Broward County will act as a catalyst and facilitator to encourage this level of mitigation integration in the municipalities. Mitigation actions will be integrated into other planning documents of the Broward County Emergency Management Division. Opportunities to integrate the requirements of this Plan into other planning mechanisms shall continue to be identified through future meetings of the Executive Committee and the 5-year review process described herein. The Director of the Broward County Emergency Management Division or designee, acting as the Local Mitigation Strategy Chairperson, has overall leadership and guidance for implementing the LMS Plan. The Local Mitigation Strategy Coordinator is the key primary staff for review and ensuring participation in the planning process as well as submitting for approval of plan updates and changes prior to State/Federal mandated 5-year update. Below are some of the activities that have been predefined to support implementation: • Incorporate hazard mitigation actions into existing community planning mechanisms (e.g„ attend comprehensive planning meetings, communicate frequently with community planners on land use issues, on -going meetings with community planners on issues of overlapping interest) • Provide input and feedback into annual county budget process (e.g„ capital improvement spending) for consideration of hazard mitigation measures beyond code. • Partner with the Risk Management Division and the County's property and casualty insurer to coordinate efforts to lower risk and augment mitigation measures at each facility when opportunities present themselves (i.e., through the CiP or other spending) • Encourage communities to find new ways to accrue CRS credit points or join CRS if not September 2022 Page i 35 BWNARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 currently in the program. • Coordinate with and engage the County's Climate Change Government Operations group on mutual interests to increase effectiveness of both groups. • Revisit indicators of project/action effectiveness or success and monitor/evaluate projects/actions that have been implemented. • Collect important damage data after storm events when feasible. • Implement the evaluation/revision schedule established to ensure plan is up to date at the end of 5-year cycle. • Continue refining the process for public input and community involvement during the entire 5-year cycle. Monitoring Periodic revisions of the LMS Plan will be monitored by the LMS Executive Committee. The LMS Coordinator of the Broward Emergency Management Division will monitor and document hazard events, note changes in the risk environment, capture damage and loss data, and maintain and update hazard and vulnerability data on an ongoing basis. The LMS Coordinator will organize, schedule, and conduct meetings of the Local Mitigation Strategy Work Group and respective subcommittees to address issues of interest, provide LMS members with meeting summaries and action items, and retain meeting results in LMS files. The LMS Coordinator will monitor grant opportunities and advise LMS member organizations of deadlines and application requirements. The above activities outline general plan maintenance during the four years leading up to the fifth year of the planning cycle. Beginning in July before the revision year (the 4th year of the planning cycle), the Planning Subcommittee will lead a more intensive planning effort to update the Plan, obtain approvals, make necessary revisions, and work with the LMS Coordinator on completing items for the FEMA crosswalk for review and approval by the State and FEMA. Evaluation The LMS Plan, in parts or whole, will be evaluated annually to coincide with the Florida Administrative Code 27 P update and after significant disasters to review the effectiveness of its projects, programs, and policies. Areas needed for update will be noted for changes at the end of the year. As part of the annual review process, certain chapters will be identified by the LMS Chair and/or LMS Coordinator for review based on need. The LMS Working Group reviews the hazard mitigation goals to ensure that they continue to comply with County and municipal goals. The goals will also be reviewed to determine if changes are necessary. As part of the annual evaluation, each entity shall review and revise their mitigation project lists such as for relevancy, costs, status, etc.as part of the overall master county- wide mitigation projects list. Projects are reviewed annually and are placed into the WebEOC mitigation project board for the respective year. The LMS Working Group will determine if any significant events have occurred in the County to warrant any considerable changes in the ELMS Plan. In the event of a disaster or when deemed necessary by its members, the LMS Working Group and its subcommittees may meet more frequently. September 2022 Page 136 BWP.', 1ARD CDlJNTY Revision and Update 5 Year Plan Review Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The Planning Committee will thoroughly review and analyze each Chapter of the LMS Plan during the 4th and 5th years of the 5 year Plan cycle to determine whether there have been any significant changes county -wide that would necessitate revisions in the types of mitigation actions proposed: 1 ] new development in identified hazard areas; 2) an increased exposure to hazards; 3) the increased or decreased capability to address hazards; 4] changes to county comprehensive planning and capital improvement funding policies; and 5) changes to federal or state legislation are examples of factors that may affect the necessary content of the Plan. The committee will also assess and consider recommended changes provided by the State and FEMA in the previous 5-year plan revision cycle. Input from each Committee will also be incorporated into the Plan. During the 5-year Plan update cycle, the following process will occur to allow sufficient time for updating a plan of this size, for submitting for review by the State and FEMA, addressing State and FEMA comments, and adoption by all jurisdictions: ■ At 2 years prior to Plan expiration, the LMS Planning Committee will identify areas that have been modified and need to be updated per the identified responsibilities of this group. During this time, the Broward County LMS Coordinator while working with the Planning Committee will review Federal, State, and local regulations and guidance to see if any appropriate changes need to be made The LMS Coordinator is tasked with making note of proposed changes and start the revision of the plan and update. ■ At 8 months prior to Plan expiration is the desired time frame for the updated Broward County ELMS should be submitted to the State of Florida for review. It shall be noted that this man not always be achievable due to existing circumstances. The plan review provides the LMS Working Group an opportunity to evaluate those actions that have been successful and to explore the possibility of documenting potential losses avoided due to the implementation of specific mitigation measures. The plan review also provides the opportunity to address mitigation actions that may not have been successfully implemented, The LMS Coordinator will be responsible for convening the Planning and Executive Committees and conducting the 5-year review. During the 5-year plan review process, the following questions will be considered as criteria for assessing the effectiveness and appropriateness of the Plan: • Do the goals address current and expected conditions? • Has the nature or magnitude of risks changed? • Are current human and capital resources appropriate for implementing the Plan? ■ Are there additional partnering opportunities for evaluating risk and implementing mitigation? • Are there new opportunities to implement, fund or integrate mitigation? ■ Are there implementation obstacles, such as social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic environmental issues, or coordination issues? ■ Have the outcomes occurred as expected? • Did the identical departments, individuals, andlor other partners participate in the plan implementation process as volunteered or assigned? ■ Are there potential mitigation actions that would require a longer time horizon to realize (10 to 20 years out) for which it is important to start laying the groundwork? September 2022 Page 137 • F l O P 1 O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Upon completion of the review and update process, the LMS Coordinator will send to LMS Chairperson and the Executive Committee to do a final review of the revised Plan as needed and approve the Plan to be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at FDEM for final review and approval in coordination with FEMA. After FEMA has approved the County Plan, the LMS Coordinator will submit it to the Board of County Commissioners for formal adoption. Once the Plan is formally adopted by the County, each of the 31 municipalities will follow suit. Local Adoption Once the LMS Plan is adopted by the County, all participating municipalities must also adopt the plan. Copies of resolutions must be submitted to the County LMS Coordinator for filing with the State and FEMA, to ensure eligibility of mitigation grant programs administered by FEMA. Appendix F contains local adoptions. Post -Disaster Review and Update In the event of a disaster, findings from the damage assessments and damage data collection, success story reporting will be reported to the LMS Planning Subcommittee. These findings will in turn be reviewed and the plan will be updated to reflect lessons learned, or to address specific issues and circumstances arising from the event, regardless of the 5-year interval. Data collection worksheets, when collected, will be kept by the County. Any future revisions of the plan will be posted on the County's website. Recommendations to Continually Enhance the 5-Year Plan Review Process • Invite State and FEMA mitigation counterparts to periodic meetings to keep them informed on the County's actions, policies, coordination efforts and successes. • Track and share mitigation successes and challenges by utilizing the LMS meetings and other communication mechanisms to share best practices to increase the mitigation knowledge of municipalities and other stakeholders. • Sharpen focus on what mitigation works well in the County (e.g., working with insurer, applying for FEMA grants, working with Climate Change groups) • Communicate periodically with elected officials to inform them on policy changes and/or funding decisions that would better support mitigation. • Continually search for better sources of risk data to assist with demonstrating cost- effectiveness with proposed projects. Incorporation into Existing Planning Mechanisms As part of the planning process, the Planning Subcommittee identifies current plans, programs, policies/ordinances, and studies/reports that will augment or help support mitigation planning efforts. The LMS Working Group will be the mechanism for ensuring that entities integrate hazard mitigation into its future planning activities. The subsection below entitled "Plan Integration Efforts" describes some of the examples from the ELMS process in identifying additional opportunities to incorporate mitigation into existing planning mechanisms. To ensure the continued consistency, Broward County's Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy (ELMS) Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment serves as the primary hazard identification and risk assessment for Broward County. Broward County ELMS shall be utilized for a detailed September 2022 Page 138 BRX,,WARD cfflr Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 hazard identification and risk assessment for all Broward County plans. An updated version of the hazard identification and risk assessment will be conducted in conjunction with each review and iteration of the County's Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy. Plan Integration Efforts A major objective of the ELMS process is to integrate mitigation into other essential community planning processes. This strategy will allow achievement for more consistency, integration, and more effectiveness of mitigation practices into several existing county -wide, regional, state, and federal planning mechanisms. Below is a summary of some the integration efforts to demonstrate where other plans and programs are consistent with the Broward County's Local Mitigation Strategy and developed in concert with the Local Mitigation Strategy. Jurisdiction Plan integration Process The LMS Coordinator works closely with all jurisdictions in a uniform effort to include ELMS planning strategies within local hazard mitigation planning. It is primarily accomplished via quarterly meetings with the Local Mitigation Strategy Working Group, meetings of the LMSWG Subcommittees, and in collaboration with the Emergency Management Division's Municipal Services Branch. Broward County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan Broward County's Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP), as adopted Nov. 17, 2020, was developed an the premise to provide an "all hazards" approach to emergency management. The Broward CEMP consists of three major components -the Basic Plan including supporting Standard Operating Procedures and annexes: the Broward Recovery Plan and the Broward Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy (ELMS). The ELMS outlines the County's mitigation program to address a myriad of possible mitigation measures that will reduce or eliminate exposure to hazard impacts. The ELMS provides a comprehensive and coordinated hazard mitigation program for Broward County and its 31 municipalities aligned with Broward's CEMP. The Broward CEMP is consistent with the ELMS as having the same defined significant hazards of concern. Presently, the ELMS is integrated into the Broward County Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) through both plans' review cycles. Throughout the CEMP update process, the LMS Coordinator works closely with the Planning Section staff to ensure that elements of the ELMS are incorporated within the sections of the CEMP that address Broward County's mitigation strategies and initiatives. Additionally, the LMS Coordinator will continue to ensure that policies, programs, and mitigation actions are consistent between the ELMS and the Broward County CEMP. Further, all jurisdictions within Broward County having CEMPs are required to be consistent with the County CEMP. It should be noted that most municipalities have indicated that the vulnerability assessment section of the ELMS has been incorporated into their CEMP and is also Utilized in the same manner to help develop Continuity of Operations (COOP) Plans like the County. The Broward CEMP sets up an incident management system based upon National Incident Management protocols. This framework has identified roles and responsibilities for the Broward Emergency Response Team in the Broward Emergency Operations Center (EOC) environment. Recognizing the significance of preposition ing mitigation in the EOC response for the identification of mitigation opportunities, there is a Mitigation Unit under the Planning Section to ensure mitigation is part of the EOC response and short-term recovery planning. Mitigation is then further incorporated into the long-term recovery phase as part of the Recovery Coordination Center if activated. September 2022 Page 139 Wo.MARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 County Comprehensive Plan Broward County's Comprehensive Plan serves as a growth management planning document that guides development based upon projected growth and anticipated associated impacts on the County. The Broward NEXT 2.0 version of Broward County's Comprehensive Plan was adopted on March 28, 2019 (Ordinance No. 2019-11) with some elements being revised in 2020 and 2021 and amendments in 2022 as noted in support documents. Broward County's Land Use and comprehensive plans were updated including involvement from the 31 municipalities. The Broward County Land Use Plan of the Broward County Comprehensive Plan addresses climate resiliency, adaptation action areas and priority planning areas to address taking on a county -wide approach to land use planning. This last update of Broward Next sought to comprehensively update the County's land use planning program to meet the challenges of future growth by setting priorities and parameters for housing, transit, climate reliance and adaption, regional economic development, environmental protection, and disaster preparedness through mitigation. The Coastal Management Element of the Comprehensive Plan was amended in 2022. The purpose of the Coastal Management Element (CME) is to plan for, and where appropriate, limit development activities where such activities would damage or destroy coastal resources, protect human life, and limit public expenditures in areas that are subject to destruction by natural disaster. The Florida Administrative Code (FAC) requires the CME to address coastal management, natural disaster, and deep -water port issues. Consistent with Florida Statutes Section 163.3177(g)7, the purpose of the Natural Disaster Component (NDC), as part of the Coastal Management Element (CME), is to plan to "protect human life against the effects of natural disasters." Natural disaster planning issues have been singled out as a separate component to stress their importance in Broward County. The NDC Support Document provides the data and analysis used as the basis for the goal, objectives and policies included in the NDC and was developed to provide for initiatives to support local mitigation strategy efforts. SE Florida Regional Climate Change Compact: Regional Climate Action Plan The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact was created in 2010 by Broward, Miami -Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach counties to coordinate and collaborate on climate change action across county lines and is a leading example of regional -scale climate action and mitigation implementation. In 2012, the Compact codified its vision in its first Regional Climate Action Plan (RCAP). The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact is now on the third iteration (November 2022) of its Regional Climate Action Plan (RCAP). Developed with the guidance of more than 150 subject matter experts, including community members and stakeholders, the RCAP 3.0 provides updated guidance to support the implementation and acceleration of local and regional climate action in Southeast Florida. The RCAP outlines goals, recommendations and supporting strategies across 11 focal areas to advance the objectives, of strengthening the adaptive capacity and climate resilience of the region's communities, institutions, and economy. The RCAP serves Broward, Miami -Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach counties, inclusive of 109 municipal governments, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, encompassing a total regional population of more than 6.2 million people. September 2022 Page 14U BIB;,c;�111ARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Risk Reduction and Emergency Management is a highlighted focus area of the RCAP with the following Goal: Prepare SE Florida for climate shocks and stressors by coordinating interdisciplinary risk -reduction planning and with emergency management planning. There are currently 15 recommendations under this Goal with identified strategies for implementation that were developed to enhance regionally and then locally through Broward County's Local Mitigation Strategy programs and projects. The 15 recommendations are: Identify climate risks to communities, built/physical environment and infrastructure; Integrate climate risks into hazard mitigation and emergency planning; Advance infrastructure investments to reduce risks; Advocate for solvency and affordability of insurance; Prioritize investments in transportation infrastructure; Strengthen regulations to reduce risk; Promote existing risk mitigation policies and programs; Utilize distributed renewable energy for disaster recovery; Communicate climate risks and emergency information; Develop post -disaster redevelopment plans; Provide small business recovery resources; Train local government staff on disaster preparedness; Engage with frontline communities to inform planning; Identify low-income populations in "communities at risk" and strengthen inter -and intra- governmental coordination. There are ongoing coordination efforts throughout Broward County government to ensure continued integration of mitigation measures as it relates to strengthen the adaptive capacity of Broward, Broward County has a Chief Resilience Officer along with a Resilience Environment Department to recommend, and develop programs, implement projects and policies to support sustainability and resilience, The Broward County Government Operations Climate Change workgroup, led by the Resilience Environment Dept. allows for the opportunity for Broward County governmental divisions/departments to assist in implementing various elements of the Climate Change Action Plan including the Emergency Management Division to promote countywide measurable efforts. State's Resilient Florida Program The Resilient Florida program was created in 2021 by Senate Bill 19541House Bill 7019 to provide a coordinated approach for Statewide Flooding and Sea Level Rise Resilience Planning with an accompanying grant program administered by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection to help communities prepare for the impacts of flooding and storm surge. The legislation ensures a coordinated approach to Florida for coastal and inland resilience. The targeted funding and new directives have enhanced efforts to protect inland riparian areas, coastlines, shores, and coral reefs all which serve as invaluable natural defenses against sea level rise. These initiatives have been incorporated locally into Broward County's local mitigation strategy and supporting projects, programs, and plans. Broward County and local municipalities will receive a combined $92 million in grant funds in 2023 for resilient infrastructure improvement projects. The funding was made available through the competitive grant program by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection to fund projects to help prepare coastal and inland communities to the adverse impacts of flooding and storm surge. Broward County received nearly $66 million to advance mitigation, infrastructure, and other water management improvements. 16 Broward County projects have been awarded funds, including replacement and improvement of bridges, septic to sewer conversions, wastewater September 2022 Page 141 Bf ; WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 pumps, bulkheads, and several stormwater infrastructure projects. The cities of Dania Beach and Ft Lauderdale were also funded for critical stormwater and infrastructure upgrades in the amount of $25 million including the neighborhoods of Progresso and Dorsey Bend. The Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection has also funded round of planning grants to assist in completing up to date comprehensive vulnerability assessments by 2026. Of the 122 communities awarded, Broward County and 11 Broward County cities received funding to update and/or develop vulnerability assessments. State's Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan The Florida Division of Emergency Management works closely with Broward County to ensure that the State Hazard Mitigation Plan and initiatives are incorporated locally into Broward's Local Mitigation Strategy and vice versus on a recurring basis and not just part of the 5-year updates. Starting in 2010, the State FDEM Mitigation Unit has invited members of the Local Mitigation Strategy working groups to participate in mitigation planning including the quarterly Mitigate FI meetings. Broward County Emergency Management has been actively participating in Mitigate FL activities over these years. The State provides a variety of forums so that there is cross - jurisdiction interface as it relates to mitigation planning activities. The State FDEM Mitigation Unit along with other State agencies with mitigation programs such as FL DEP are invited and are part of programming for Broward County's Local Mitigation Strategy Workgroup. The Floodplain Management Program; Flood Mitigation Assistance Program; Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, Hurricane Loss Mitigation Program; Pre -Disaster Mitigation Grant Program; Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities Grant Program and Watershed Planning Initiatives are all programs that Broward takes every opportunity to partake in with the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM). FDEM acts as the coordinating agency and provides support to Broward and its municipalities on these program areas, and all are part of the State's overall Mitigation Strategy. As new programs are developed and briefed through forums such as Mitigate FL, Broward County will incorporate into local planning initiatives as applicable. South Florida Water Management District Planning The South Florida Water Management District is a regional governmental agency that manages water resources in the southern half of the state covering 16 counties including Broward County for entire area of 9 million residents. The South Florida Water Management District operates and maintains the regional water management system known as the Central and South Florida Project, which was authorized by Congress more than 75 years ago to protect residents and businesses from floods and droughts. The primary system includes approximately 2,200 miles of canals, 2,100 miles of levees/berms, 84 pump stations, and 778 water control structures. This primary system of canals and waterways connects to community drainage districts and hundreds of smaller neighborhood systems to effectively manage floodwaters during heavy rains. As a result of this interconnected drainage system, flood control is a shared responsibility between the District, Broward County and other County and city governments served by the District, local drainage districts homeowner associations and residents. On Sept. 8, 2022, the Governing Board for the South Florida Water Management District approved a cost share agreement with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to advance a new flood resiliency study for SE Florida Component of the Central & South Florida Project, the backbone of the region's flood management system. Broward County is an actively engaged participant in the process including participating in the planning charettes in January 2023 and holding Broward September 2022 Page 142 Bf �; ,c ,'WARD coun��Y Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 County workshops in February 2023. The Flood Resiliency Study will address flood damage reduction, water supply and related water resource concerns that may occur over next 50 years through solutions that are structural, non-structural, natural and nature based. National Floor! insurance Program and Community Rating System The National Flood Insurance Program is a federally subsidized flood damage insurance program administered by Federal Emergency Management Agency. Residents and businesses are eligible to purchase NFIP flood insurance policies in communities that regulate development in special flood hazard areas. Broward County has a robust participation in the National Flood Insurance Program with active engagement in the Community Rating System (CRS) self -voluntary incentive Program to recognize and encourage community floodplain management practices that exceed the minimum requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program. Broward County and the participating CRS municipal communities shall continue to participate in the Local Mitigation Strategy process and support Community Rating System programs to minimize hazard risks and gain flood protection benefits for their residents. The Local Mitigation Strategy CRS Subcommittee/User Group evaluates changes to the CRS program and identifies areas where the County, and municipalities, can get more credit points based on existing activities and Potential new ones. The CRS communities are constantly striving to reduce risk and by enacting flood mitigation measures and are at the forefront of the Local Mitigation Strategy. Activities such as outreach and infrastructure protection projects are emphasized The LMS supports the three overarching goals of the CRS: 1. Reduce flood losses and damage to insurable properties. 2. Support the insurance aspects of the National Insurance Program. 3. Encourage a comprehensive approach to local flood plain management and risk mitigation. Out of 31 municipalities in Broward County, 23 are CRS Communities. The Broward Municipal Services District (unincorporated areas) is also a CRS Community, bringing the total number to 24. However, the seven communities that are not CRS Communities are enrolled in the National Flood Insurance Program. Capital Improvement Planning: Linking LMS to County and Municipal CIPs Broward County government and municipal partners have been actively engaging any opportunity to further enhance mitigation into projects funded under general and enterprise revenue funding streams through capital improvement and supplements as necessary. Some accomplishments focusing on populations at risk since the last Local Mitigation Strategy update including funding permanent fixed generators at schools utilized as Special Medical Needs shelters; retrofit of the two Homeless Assistance Centers ended up funded through HMGP; redundant generators and chillers for EOC and elevating proposed building design in new builds for example Property Appraiser and Supervisor of Elections as Broward County is a High Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) projects to meet "essential" and "enhanced standards" specs beyond the 2020 Florida Building Code. Since the CIPs are local project funding processes in multiple sectors of local government service, it is both important to first determine where mitigation is occurring in current CIP projects. Second, and more importantly, it is critical to facilitate a process to integrate the potential more fully for mitigation in the full life cycle of the CIP selection and funding process. September 2022 Page 143 WO.WAD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The Mitigation Assessment Team (MAT) tool process is one of the tools that can identify opportunities for proactive mitigation measures to be identified year-round. This process is for considering the maximum practicable hazard mitigation protection for any county investment in retrofitting, repairing, upgrading, enhancing, or new construction for facilities or infrastructure. The County's insurer typically requires additional protection above and beyond code under its authority. This additional protection usually pertains to high wind protection to a Category 3 hurricane or greater but does not necessarily pertain to all other likely hazards, namely flood, which is the purview of the federal government. The MAT tool process should identify additional mitigation opportunities above and beyond what is required under code and the County's insurer's authority. Parameters for investment include practical, cost-effective county investments during a construction process where a facility or infrastructure is being modified or built. Examples include protecting a county critical facility to a Category 5 wind speed and/or 1 foot of freeboard above the 500-year flood level. This process will consider future risk conditions, like climate change and sea level rise impacts, and an optimal time financially when the modification or new construction is being planned and constructed. The MAT tool process will consider all potential funding sources but typically it is geared toward finance through County Capital Improvement funds. Therefore, it is essential that the identification process begin when capital improvement projects are first being considered in the CIP budgeting process. This typically occurs ten years in advance of when they are expected to be funded. The process will work roughly like this: o When a new project is first considered in the CIP budget process at the Division Level (5-8 years in advance for a general project and 2-5 years in advance for a specific project), the MAT will review it for mitigation potential. If the team agrees that some form of mitigation is appropriate and cost-effective, it will provide a description of the mitigation idea with the scope of the CIP project and factor in the mitigation cost into the overall project cost. The MAT may use a worksheet with pre -identified actions to guide the process. The mitigation funding will likely be from the Alternative Financing process. o As the date of actual funding and design gets close (1 to 2 years out), the MAT will help justify the need for the project to the County commission. The Finance team will help organize the alternative finance application. The MAT will also help draft the Request for Proposals (RFP) to make sure that the scope of services has a clear description of the mitigation measure. The MAT tool process discussed above links the LMS's goals, principles, and strategies through to the County Capital Improvement Plan when feasible. To provide a link between the LMS and the local CIPs, each municipality should consider replicating this process as applicable at the community level. Continued Public Involvement Broward County and the LMS Working Group are dedicated to continued public involvement in the hazard mitigation planning and review process. Public participation has been woven into Broward County activities throughout the year to keep all stakeholders informed of the local mitigation strategy plan and updates, provide support and input for programs and projects with the hazards Broward faces, the possible impacts from those hazards and ways to mitigate. Broward County participation in National Preparedness Month, Severe Weather Awareness September 2022 Page 144 8R"G,AN cRD hu p Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Week, Cyber Awareness Month, Eye of the Storm event, Hurricane Preparedness Open House, Business Resiliency Summit, Water Matters Day, municipal hurricane season preparedness briefings, awareness fairs, etc. are just a handful of preparedness and mitigation public participation activities that the County does to heighten awareness and discuss possibilities for mitigation and the overall mitigation strategy. As described earlier in this chapter, significant changes or amendments to this Plan are discussed in the public, as deemed appropriate, to participate in the planning process prior to formal adoption procedures. Efforts to involve the public in the Plan maintenance, evaluation, and revision process were initiated as described per the Florida Sunshine Law with all LMS meetings being open to the public. To obtain the most recent input from the public and the LMS Working Group, an All -Hazards Survey was launched to solicit feedback from these two audiences. Broward's underserved and vulnerable communities were provided the opportunity to be involved in this initiative, as the Survey was disseminated to all population groups within the county. The 2023 All -Hazards Survey and its description are included in Appendix M of this plan. September 2022 Page 145 Wo"'WA COUNTRDY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Chapter 4: Risk Assessment Introduction This chapter of the LMS includes the assessment of hazard risks facing Broward County and its participating municipal jurisdictions. The purpose of the risk assessment is to use best available data and technology to identify and evaluate potential hazard risks facing Broward County, as well as provide the factual basis for mitigation activities proposed in Broward County's LMS that aim to reduce those risks. The chapter has been broken down into the following key sections: • Introduction • Risk Assessment Methods • Asset Inventory • Initial Hazard Identification • Natural Hazards • Human Caused Hazards • Conclusions on Hazard Risk The risk assessment completed for Broward County provides for the identification and analysis of known hazards that may threaten life and property across the entire planning area. It also includes the results of a multi jurisdictional vulnerability assessment conducted for each of Broward County's municipal jurisdictions' (shown in Maps 4.1 and 4.2) to determine where locally specific risks vary from those facing the rest of the county. The vulnerability assessment helps to describe each jurisdiction's vulnerability to identified hazards in terms of the types and numbers of buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities located in hazard areas as well as potential loss estimates for vulnerable structures. The Threat Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA), Economic Vulnerability, and Mitigation Initiatives for Broward County have been prepared in compliance with the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Local Multi -Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidance, dated March 2013.and meets the requirements of 44 CFR § 201. 1 Although this risk assessment does not officially or comprehensively analyze risks faced by the Seminole Tribe of Florida, it is of significance to note that the Seminole Reservation Headquarters is located in Hollywood and there are 2 Seminole run Casinos located in Hollywood and Coconut Creek. The Hollywood Reservation is a 497 acre urban reservation that is home to more than 500 Seminoles. September 2022 Page 146 BWP.',WARD Broward County Emergency Management COUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.1: 2022 Broward County Base Man (Entire Cauntvl oource: rsrowara uounry firs zozz September 2022 Page 147 Bk,'O' YARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Maa 4.2: 2022 Broward County Base Map (Developed Areas Only) Source: Broward County GIS 2022 September 2022 Page 148 BK,'y' WARS Broward County Emergency Management coll�vD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Risk Assessment Methods As described above, the risk assessment completed for Broward County includes two primary studies including; (1) the hazard identification and analysis; and (2) a multi -jurisdictional vulnerability assessment. Data and modeling from FEMA's lVational Risk Index (effective 2022) was utilized for the updates to this section. The hazard identification and analysis provide the following information for each hazard: • A general background description of each potential natural, technological, and/or human caused hazard that could impact Broward County ■ The known locations andlor spatial extent of each hazard (if applicable) • A locally specific history of past hazard occurrences based on best available data. ■ A statement addressing the probability of future hazard occurrences that could affect Broward County All the information presented as part of the hazard identification and analysis is based on existing local, state, and federal sources as cited throughout. Sources include historical records on hazard events (such as the storm events database maintained by the National Climatic Data Center) as well as input from the Broward County Mitigation Task Force and other relevant information provided through existing local plans, studies, and reports .2 The multi -jurisdictional vulnerability assessment was conducted with two distinct methodologies: first, utilizing Hazards United States -Mufti -Hazards (Hazus-MH), FEMA's loss estimation software, and second, a statistical risk assessment methodology. Each approach provides estimates for the potential impact by using a common, systematic framework for evaluation, The results of the multi jurisdictional vulnerability assessment are provided for each hazard immediately following the summary of information provided through the hazard identification and analysis, as listed above. The Hazus-MH risk assessment methodology is parametric, in that distinct hazard and inventory parameters (wind speed and building types) were modeled using the Hazus-MH software to determine the impact (damages and losses) on the built environment. The statistical risk assessment methodology was applied to analyze hazards of concern that were outside the scope of the Hazus-MH software. The Hazus-MH driven methodology uses a statistical approach and mathematical modeling of risk to predict a hazard's frequency of occurrence and estimated impacts based on recorded or historic damage information. Below is a brief description of both approaches. 2 Other existing plans, studies and reports include the 2000 version of the Broward County Local Mitigation Strategy, the Broward County Economic & Socioeconomic Vulnerability Study, Port Everglades Vulnerability & Economic Study, the Broward County prollte from Florida Department of Community Affairs report enlitled Integrating Hazard h i igalion Planning into Comprehensive Planning, the State of Florida Hazard Mitigation Plan and the CSx Transportation Hazardous Materials Density Study for Broward County. Florida (2006). September 2022 page 149 F__ L O R I D A Hazus-MH Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Hazus-MH is FEMA's standardized loss estimation software program built upon an integrated geographic information system (GIS) platform (Figure 4.1) in March 2011. After the initial release of the program, FEMA released Hazus 2.0 in May/June 2011. The main update to Hazus in the 2.0 version was to enhance the capability of integrating storm surge results into the flood module. Subsequent versions of Hazus, including versions 3.0 (released November 2015) and 4.0 (March 2017) were released following Hazus 2.0. These updates provided optimizations to the Hazus program. Figure 4.1: Conceptual Model of Hazus-MH Methodology September 2022 Page 150 BW Y,'N froward County Emergency Management `' CUUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Statistical Risk Assessment Methodology Risks associated with other natural and anthropogenic hazards (beyond wind and flood) were analyzed using a statistical assessment methodology developed and used specifically for this effort. Historical data for each hazard were used and statistical evaluations are performed using manual calculations. The general steps used in the statistical risk assessment methodology are summarized below. Compile data from the following sources: Local National Literature Clean up data. Remove duplicates. Update losses (For inflation). Modify losses (For population growth and distribution). Identify patterns in: Frequency Intensity Vulnerability Loss Statistically and probabilistically extrapolate the patterns. Produce meaningful results. Development of annualized loss estimates. Figure 4.2 illustrates a conceptual model of the statistical risk assessment methodology as applied to Broward County. September 2022 Page 151 .. . , F L O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.2: Conceptual Model of the Statistical Risk Assessment Methodology The economic loss results are presented here using two interrelated risk indicators: 1. The Annualized Loss (AL), which is the estimated long-term weighted average value of losses to property in any single year in a specified geographic area (i.e., county). 2. The Annualized Loss Ratio (ALR), which expresses estimated annualized loss normalized by property replacement value. The estimated Annualized Loss (AL) addresses the key idea of risk: the probability of the loss occurring in the study area (largely a function of building construction type and quality). By annualizing estimated losses, the AL factors in historic patterns of frequent smaller events with infrequent but larger events to provide a balanced presentation of the risk. The Annualized Loss Ratio (ALR) represents the AL as a fraction of the replacement value of the local inventory. This ratio is calculated using the following formula: September 2022 Page 152 BW;c.WARQ Broward County Emergency Management CCIUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 ALR = Annualized Losses / Total Exposure The annualized loss ratio gauges the relationship between average annualized loss and replacement value. This ratio can be used as a measure of vulnerability in the areas and, since it is normalized by replacement value, it can be directly compared across different geographic units such as metropolitan areas or counties. Loss estimates provided herein used best available data, and the methodologies applied resulted in an approximation of risk. These estimates should be used to understand relative risk from hazards and potential losses. Uncertainties are inherent in any loss estimation methodology, arising in part from incomplete scientific knowledge concerning natural hazards and their effects on the built environment. Uncertainties also result from approximations and simplifications that are necessary for a comprehensive analysis (e.g., incomplete inventories, demographics, or economic parameters). National Climatic Data Center Storm Event Database Much of the historical event data presented in the tables in this section were taken directly from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) database. NCDC receives storm data from the National Weather Service (NWS) which, in turn, receives their information from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to county, state and federal emergency management officials, local law enforcement officials, SKYWARN spotters, NWS damage surveys, newspaper clipping services, the insurance industry, and the public. For many hazards, NCDC data is most accurate beginning from the early to mid-1990's which limits its usefulness for conducting a detailed risk assessment. However, as it is the source of the best available data that can be easily obtained (and is recommended for use by FEMA), it has been heavily relied an to profile and analyze the hazards further discussed in this section. Asset inventory A variety of data exists on buildings, infrastructure, and critical facilities for Broward County. For purposes of the multi -jurisdictional vulnerability assessment, much of this data was based on the inventory databases made readily available through Hazus-MH, FEMA's loss estimation software as described earlier in this section under "Risk Assessment Methods." This includes the number, type, and value of buildings located in each municipality in Broward County. Table 4.1 summarizes the total building value for each jurisdiction as extracted from the Broward County Property Appraiser (and as utilized for estimating losses to hurricane wind, flood, and storm surge), Table 4.2 shows the average just/market value of parcels in Broward County by their property type. 5eptember 2022 Page 153 BWP,',W COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.1: Total Building Values for Broward County, By Type (As of September 2022) Coconut Creek $5,308,909,990 $805,513,680 $240,721,850 $887,360,030 $7,242,505,550 Cooper City $4,591,234,610 $318,873,860 $68,517,700 $409,271,000 $4,978,626,170 Coral Springs $13,067,431,720 $1,998,948,900 $491,146,440 $1,106,486,350 $16,664,013,410 Dania Beach $2,990,734,460 $1,339,458,760 $697,771,010 $317,585,910 $5,345,550,1,40 Davie $11,853,653,860 $1,759,800,890 $990,297,550 $1,997,775,730 $16,601,528,030 Deerfield Beach $7,665,862,030 $1,294,968,150 $1,370,437,260 $743,783,810 $11,075,051,250 Fort Lauderdale $40,280,953,900 $10,752,834,340 $2,272,989,410 $3,627,783,620 $56,934,561,270 Hallandale Beach $5,977,437,030 $906,218,460 $139,187,800 $293,143,460 $7,315,986,750 Hillsboro Beach $1,752,642,150 $61,813,44 nla $11,425,720 $1,764,067,870 Hollywood $18,164,519,180 $3,834,129,350 $1,186,380,450 $2,215,839,670 $2,215,839,670 Lauderdale -By - The -Sea $3,037,585,970 $255,812,280 nla $19,396,310 $3,312,794,560 Lauderdale Lakes $1,864,453,620 $275,274,920 $68,113,330 $249,755,110 $2,457,596,980 Lauderhill $4,201,226,650 $499,780,820 $152,189,350 $430,646,050 $5,283,842,870 Lary Lake $11,490,720 nla nla $174,100 $11,664,820 Lighthouse Point $3,463,656,570 $199,891,700 nla $34,792,700 $3,698,340,970 Margate $4,669,009,960 $671,966,370 $200,018,900 $346,971,590 $5,887,966,820 Miramar $12,938,283,030 $1,516,968,730 $983,373,570 $1,205,410,780 $16,644,036,110 North Lauderdale $2,535,258,620 $317,307,420 $75,602,810 $231,044,240 $3,159,213,090 Oakland Park $4,067,559,470 $901,865,930 $637,647,060 $313,595,980 $5,920,668,440 Parkland $7,098,143,900 $116,627,160 $3,280,100 $479,324,610 $7,697,375,770 September 2022 Page 154 "Tt'WCOUNTYARTY ' antial I Commercial Pembroke Park $246,977,110 $157,079,450 Pembroke Pines $17,822,903,010 $2,532,946,03 Plantation $11,335,157,280 $2,258,055,93 Pompano Beach $13,222,377,380 $2,093,551,70 Sea Ranch Lakes $368,738,330 $18,434,880 Southwest Ranches $1,972,755,640 $51,181,950 Sunrise $7,978,446,620 $2,679,191,27 Tamarac $6,122,085,300 $673,518,680 Broward Municipal Services District $897,304,560 $103,732,400 West Park $1,036,657,630 $95,148,410 Weston $10,534,843,600 $938,458,330 Wilton Manors $2,055,372,370 $239,614,090 TOTAL $229,133,666,270 $39,607,154,8 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 40 du instrial Other' Total $437,630,750 $68,216,460 $909,903,770 0 $413,564,750 $1,673,757,640 $22,443,171,430 0 $176,185,550 $982,216,780 $14,751,615,540 0 $3,111,607,580 $1,544,596,220 $19,972,132,880 nla $5,970 $387,179,180 $9,715,730 $579,093,920 $2,612,747,240 0 $730,009,370 $1,164,328,160 $12,117,656,630 $307.692,710 $362,381,480 $7,465,678,170 $76,004,350 $2,814,337,220 $3,891.378,530 $112,844,610 $58,338,670 $1,302,989,320 $416,465,720 $754,904,360 $12,644,672,010 $17,674,550 $116,382,180 $2,429,043,1 00 $15,387,070,260 $25,040,125,83 $285,139,398,430 Other building occupancy category includes agriculture, religioustnonprof t, government, and education occupancies, Source: Broward County Property Appraiser September 2022 Tax Roll Data. Table 4.2: Averacle Just Value for Broward County- Rv Tvna Property Type Average Just/Market Value Vacant Residential $187.198 Single Family $391,453 Townhouse $247,441 Mobile Home $88,950 Condominium $178,272 Cooperative $149,591 Multi -Family $1,126,151 Vacant Commercial $592,312 September 2022 Page 155 .. . 10 , F L O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Commercial $1,706,120 Vacant Industrial $854,391 Industrial $1,537,279 Agricultural $359,147 Institutional $2,849,088 Governmental $4,032,498 Other $65,108 Source: Broward County Property Appraiser 2019 Tax Roll Data In addition to the data made readily available through Hazus-MH, some local inventory data has been integrated into the multi -jurisdictional vulnerability assessment. This also includes local tax assessor records for developed parcels in each of the municipal jurisdictions, which were utilized to estimate potential losses due to flooding events as further described under the vulnerability assessment section of the "Flood" hazard. Critical Facilities Critical Facilities are defined as those structures from which essential services and functions for survival, continuation of public safety actions, and disaster recovery are performed or provided. For the purposes of this document, Broward County has identified those critical facilities that have the potential for being affected by natural and human caused disasters. The identification and location of critical facilities throughout Broward County are shown in Map 4.3. Population and Development Trends According to the 2020 Census, Broward County was the second most populous county in the State of Florida, with 1,944,375 people. At the 2010 Census conducted on April 1, 2010, the population of Broward County stood at 1,748,066. The percentage population gain from 2010 to 2020 was 11.2% (an increase of 196,309 people). Population projections for Broward County were established in 2009 by a Broward County Population Forecasting Model (see Figure 4.3). Broward County is composed of 31 Municipalities as well as the Broward Municipal Services District, also referred to as unincorporated areas. The most significant population increases between 2000 and 2010 were seen in Parkland (73%), Miramar (68%), and Weston (33%). The most significant percent change between 2010 and 2020 were seen in Parkland (45%), Lazy Lake (38%), Cooper City (21%), and Tamarac (19%). In 2020, Fort Lauderdale (182,760) and Pembroke Pines (171,178) continued as the 2 largest Municipalities in Broward County, making up 18% of the total Broward County population (see Table 2.2). Potential Impact to Jurisdictions Broward County comprises 1,225 square miles. Thus, its 31 municipalities and unincorporated areas are vulnerable in varying degrees to several hazards that are identified in this update. For example, the County has 24 miles of coastline and 300 miles of inland waterways, making the coastal communities more vulnerable to the effects of Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise than the central and western communities. The central and western communities are potentially more September 2022 Page 156 BWC,',W RD C�LJ NTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 vulnerable to Wildfire, with a continuing westward expansion of development. All Broward communities are vulnerable to the hazards of Extreme Heat, Severe Storms, Tornados, Tropical Cyclones, Drought, Flood, Pandemic/Infectious Disease, Mass Migration, Terrorism, Active Shooter, HazMat Incident, and Cyber. Figure 4.3: Population Projections for Broward County 2000-2035 2,500,000 2,000,000 C 1,500,000 0 ev Cc M 1,000,000 S00,000 2000 zoos 2010 2015 2020 202S 2030 2035 Ye ar Source: Broward County Population Forecasting Model, 2009 September 2022 Page 157 BPc;(NARD Broward County Emergency Management cARD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy NTY September 2022 Map 4.3: Critical Facilities :.:PA7. _ r • ... ! - • • 1 • 441 •... Ci: • • • w.. • 441 � :•• S • - V,. I tin ....-'A , �; © •• i° • c • , • •, • t 1 V-_j the 46 • • • *'CvIr 441 �'s DCU • ., BROW . . ---- M"I-DARE COUNTY . ay Hall ® County Bander Uninwfpofa0etl ® `�` � 1155.A& rsAre RESILIENT R— 119 K • Fire/Re—e Ratlon = K"cipalR B Id CouMY oy ® ENVIPONNENT Fort "uderd� FL 333DI S. • S&.d O Serehde Tribe of Maim R-ds reAknoe0brorranlag .. HospkM •Sdtool Deagne0ad m SWker Fbtwe D L ..I RueCs 4 Miles Date Eapaaaa: 7R7R073 206 PM Source: Broward County GIS 2022 September 2022 Page 158 BWOW ARD COlJ N TY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Hazard Vulnerability Profile for Existing and Future Land Use This section provides information on Broward County's existing and future land use vulnerabilities to three spatially defined hazards to be addressed further in this risk assessment including storm surge from tropical cyclones, flood, and wildfire. it borrows heavily from a study performed by the Florida Department of Community Affairs (FDCA), an agency that is now defunct. Beginning in 2004, land use tabulations in relation to known hazard areas were developed by FDCA's Division of Community Planning as part of an analysis entitled, Integrating Hazard Mitigation Planning into Comprehensive Planning: Broward County Profile. The following data were used for the tabulations: online Mapping for Emergency Management, Parallel Hazard Information System (MEMPHIS)3, 2017 Broward County Property Appraiser 1 Florida Department of Revenue data, and the current Florida Department of Environmental Protection and South Florida Water Management District GIS databases and shapefiles. This section will be revised for the next update to reflect the most recent changes based upon data from the Broward County Property Appraiser. For the purposes of this profile, the identified hazard areas include the coastal hazards zone in relation to storm surge, hurricane vulnerability zones in relation to evacuation clearance times, flood zones in relation to the 100-year flood, and wildfire susceptible areas. More details about the hazard zones used for the tabulation are as follows: • The Coastal Hazards Zone (CHZ) illustrates areas at risk to surge, which is comprised of the category 1 storm surge zone from NOAA Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model and the category 1 evacuation zone. • The Hurricane Vulnerability Zone (HVZ) shows hurricane risk, which includes Category 1 to 3 Hurricane Evacuation Zones. • FEMAs designated 100-year flood zones (i.e., A, AE, V, VE, AO, 100 IC, IN, AH) are used for flood. • All medium -to -high risk zones from MEMPHIS for wildfire (Level 5 through Level 9). Existing land use data was acquired from County Property Appraisers and the Florida Department of Revenue for tabulation of the total amount of acres and percentage of land in identified hazard areas, sorted by existing land use category for the Broward Municipal Services District areas. The total amount of acres and percentage of land in the identified hazards areas was tabulated and sorted by future land use category according to the local future land use map, as well as the amount of these lands listed as vacant according to existing land use. Broward County future land use data was acquired from Broward County and might not reflect changes per recent future land use amendments. 3 MEMPHIS was designed to provide a variety of hazard related data in support of the Florida Local Mitigation Strategy 6MA2K revision project. fit was created by Kinetic Analysis Corporation under contract with the FOCA. For more details on a particular hazard or an explanation of the MEMPHIS melhadology, consult the MEMPHIS Web site(htlp:IAmsmaps .methaz.orgllrnsmapslindex.html). September 2022 Page 159 BR)c,'MARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 County acreage was tabulated by existing (Table 4.3) and future (Table 4.4) land uses within the hazard areas.4 The results of these land use tabulations are summarized below along with some recommendations included with the FDCA study. This information was confirmed for accuracy and relevance with the Division of Forestry in July 2017. Storm Surge from Tropical Cyclones Table 4.3 presents the existing land uses within the surge zone. There are 14,665 acres of land within the coastal hazard zone (CHZ) and an additional 237 acres in the hurricane vulnerability zone (HVZ). These zones are primarily located on the barrier islands and inland up to a couple miles. Incorporated coastal communities occupy most of the land in these zones. Currently, 43.1 % of the CHZ and 42.6% of the HVZ have single-family homes. Another major existing land use of these zones is commendably parks and conservation, with 13.0% of the CHZ and 13.9% of the HVZ used for these purposes. In addition, approximately 19% of both zones are still undeveloped. Table 4.4 shows that of the currently vacant land in the CHZ and HVZ, 33.4% and 28.7%, respectively, are designated for future transportation uses. While future investment in transportation in these zones may increase evacuation capacities, it also will increase the taxpayer's investment in a hazardous area and subsidize future growth where the intention is to limit densities. Table 4.4 also shows that currently vacant land is allocated for future residential use. According to the tabulations, 10.8% of the vacant property in both zones is designated for 5 dwelling units per acre and another 8.6% of the CHZ and 10.1 % of the HVZ vacant acres are designated for 25 dwelling units per acre. If development occurs accordingly, it will further increase the population in the Category 1 evacuation zone and likely put more people at risk from storm surge. Flood Table 4.3 presents the existing land uses within the 100-year floodplain. Much of Broward County is within a flood zone. Currently, 193,965 acres are at risk from flooding, but this does not include the Everglades Conservation Area which naturally floods. Of the 193,965 acres, 64.8%, or 125,750 acres are in residential use. Also, 33,981 flood -prone acres, or 17.5%, of the floodplain, is currently undeveloped. An additional 9,934 acres besides those in the Everglades Conservation Area are designated as parks, conservation areas, and golf courses. Using flood -prone areas for parks and conservation purposes is a strong flood mitigation strategy since development can be limited in these areas and the natural hydrology left in place. Existing vacant land allows the County and municipalities an opportunity to regulate or limit development before it occurs. Of the 33,981 acres currently undeveloped in the zone, 50.2% are designated for future residential uses, as shown in Table 4.4. Another 3,177 acres are designated for commercial use while an additional 1,260 vacant acres are designated for community facilities. Transportation and right-of-way future land uses are designated towards 14.2% of existing undeveloped land. This is a lot of development that is currently allowable within the 100-year floodplain. With proper mitigation designed into these structures and roads, much of the development can occur without increasing the vulnerability of the County to flood losses. However, alterations to the natural hydrology often have unforeseen impacts if mitigation occurs in a piece -meal fashion rather than looking at system -wide drainage impacts. 4 Note: The Everglades Conservation Area is not included in the following land use tabulations. September 2022 Page 160 BK,L.M � Broward County Emergency Management coUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Wildfire Because of climate change, Wildfire poses an increased risk to Broward County, particularly in the less developed areas to the west. The data included in Table 4.3 represents the still current Wildfire vulnerability profile for the county. Revised data will be included in the next ELMS update. Table 4.3 presents the land uses associated with high -risk wildfire zones. Small wildfire -prone areas are found throughout the County, although there is a concentration along Route 27. Single- family homes are found in 46.9% of the wildfire susceptible acres, generally scattered in isolated areas south of Highway 75 and east of Route 27. These homes are most likely very vulnerable to a wildfire since single-family residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of urban areas typically have a lot of vegetation that can allow a fire to spread between homes. Another 24% of the wildfire risk areas, or 1,628 acres, are currently conserved and special attention should be paid to maintaining wildfire fuel levels through prescribed burning or mechanical means in these areas. Another 875 acres are currently undeveloped. Vacant lands often can add to wildfire risk since wildfire fuel levels are not typically maintained. Of the undeveloped land, Table 4A shows that 19.1 % is designated for future residential estates and 12.6% is designated for rural ranches, When development does occur on these lands, wildfire mitigation techniques for neighborhood design should be encouraged as well as education of homeowners about maintaining defensible space. Table 4.3: Total County Acres in Hazard Areas by Existing Land Use Category Existing Lan( Categor) Agriculture Attractions, Stadiums, Lodging Places of Warship Commercial Government, Institutional, Hospitals, Education Industrial Parks, Conservation Areas, Golf Courses Residential Group Quarters, Nursing Homes Residential Multi -Family September 2022 t use 1 Coastal Hazard Zone Hurricane Vulnerability -� Flood Zones Wildfire Susceptible Areas 150.1 5,446.3 Acres 85.8 832.0 %0.49% 0.68% 2.88% 3.54% Acres 144.8 295.6 509.1 2.9 °I° 0.82% 1.33% 0.27% 0.01% Acres 45.3 117.2 1.678.6 187.1 °% 0.26°% 0.53% 0.89% 0.80% Acres 615.2 1,224.4 9445.8 370.4 % 3.49% 5.51 °% 5.00% 1.58°la Acres 2,170.2 1,116.4 14,097.4 1,900.2 % 12.32°% 5.02°% 7.47% 8.10% Acres 249.0 302.8 5,803.5 271.2 °I° 1.41 % 1.36% 3.07% 1.16°% Acres 2,643.1 2,633.0 9,676.3 743.7 °% 15.00°% 11.85°% 5.12% 3.17°% Acres 5.9 7.1 337,0 0.2 °% 0.03°% 0.03°% 0.18% 0.00% Acres 174.5 853.8 5,673.1 183.0 % ° 3.84°% 3.00% 0.78% Acres n182.7 279.0 2,701.5 61.0 Page 161 .. A 0 1 • F L. O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Residential Mobile Home, or Commercial Parkin Lot % 1.04% 1.25% 1.43% 0.26% Residential Single - Family Acres 1577.1 5,264.2 32,778.4 2,635.8 % 8.95% 23.68% 17.36% 11.23% Submerged Lands (Water Bodies Acres 3,181.1 1,966.1 16,171.3 2,345.7 % 18.05% 8.84% 8.56% 9.99% Transportation, Communication, Rights - of -Way Acres 2,157.8 1,972.1 24,255.1 1,997.5 % 12.25% 8.87% 12.85% 8.51 % Utility Plants and Lines, Solid Waste Disposal Acres 232.4 15.9 8,732.3 6,836.9 % 1.32% 0.07% 4.62% 29.13% Vacant Acres 221.8 122.9 4,994.7 178.5 1.26% 0.55% 2.65% 0.76% All Others Acres 7012 907.5 18,827.5 2,795.3 % 3.98% 4.08% 9.97% 11.91 % No Data Acres °/, 3,233.6 18.35°k 5,000.9 22.50°% 27,688.5 14.66% 2,130.6 9.08% TOTAL Acres 17 621.5 22 229.0 188 816.4 23 472.2 % 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Source: Broward County Property Appraiser GIS July 2017 Data, Broward County Property Appraiser GIS, Flonda Regional Planning Councils and Florida Division of Emergency Management, Broward County GIS, FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer, Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Table 4.4: Total and Undeveloped Acres in Hazard Areas by Future Land Use Category Acres 949.2 340.0 1415.8 794.4 11498.5 6718.0 ' 884.9 390.3 Activity Center %of 5.4% 4.9% 6.4% 7.1% 6.1% 7.3% 3.8% 5.3% Total - Acres 77.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 9686.1 959.8 7989.9 518.0 Agricultural %of 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.1% 1.0% 34.0% 7.0% Total Acres 1386.3 889.0 1681.4 1086.8 24230.8 16386.7 1338.6 862.2 Commerce % of 7.9% 12.9% 7.6% 9.7% 12.8% 17.9% 5.7% 11.6% Total Acres 312.8 281.6 357.1 307.0 4169.6 2235.6 0.0 0.0 Commercial Recreation 1.8% 4.1 % 1.6% 2.7% 2.2% 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% Total Acres 314.0 190.3 499.3 385.1 7055.3 5911.2 937.5 890.8 Community % of 1.8% 2.8% 2.2% 3A% 3.7% 6.4% 4.0% 12.0% Total September 2022 Page 162 RD COUNTY Sroward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Coastal Hazard Hurricane i Wildfire Future Land Use Zone Flood Zones Vulnerability Zone Susceptible Areas Category Total under►. Total Under. Total Under. Total Under. 1681.5 214.0 1518,8 223.2 4218.1 674.6 1172.6 156.6 Conservation - Acres Natural °% of Reservations Total 9.5°% 3.1 % 6.8% 2.0% 2.2% 0.7°% 5 0°% 21 °% Conservation - Acres 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reserve Water % of Supply Area Total 0 0% 0.0% 0.0°% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0°% 0.0% D.0°% Electrical Acres 501.5 255.3 59.4 53.7 561.7 313.5 0.0 0.0 Generation % of Facility Total 2.8°% 33 % 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 0.00/0 Estate (1) Acres 30.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 13515.7 8919.2 554.0 255.1 Residential a%of Total 0.2°% 0.0% 0.0°% 0.0°% 7.2°% 9.7% 2.4% 3A% High (50) Acres 184.0 61 A 794.0 199.4 1070.5 318.9 0.0 0.0 Residential Total 1.0°% 0.9°% 3.6°% 1.8% 0.6% 0.3%0.0%0.0% Irregular Acres 160.5 4.7 30.3 2.2 20689.9 6677.7 2731.2 711.3 Residential °% of Total 0 9°% 0.1 % 0.1 % O.D% 11.0°% 7.3% 11.6% 9,6% Low (2) Acres 53.3 29.2 93.3 66.0 3366.3 1099.0 1053.3 218.2 Residential Total 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.6% 1.8°% 1.2% 4.5% 2.9% Low (3) Acres 1778.1 413.7 2699A 1282.6 12859.2 5083.9 1155.8 319.0 Residential °% of 10.1 % 6.0% 12.1 °% 11.5% 6.8% 5.5°% 4.9% 4.3°% Total Low (5) Acres 1 3188.8 1214.9 5257.2 3326.6 26515.3 12498.9 182.7 38.7 Residential °% of Total 18.1 °% 17.6°% 23.6°% 29.7°% 14.0% 13.6% 0.8°% 0.5% Low Medium (10) Acres 283.0 81.6 356.2 234.8 7476.2 3197.6 200.5 39.3 Residential Total 1.6% 1.2% 1.6% 2.1°% 4.0% 3.5°% 0.9°% 0.5% Medium (16) Acres 374.8 81.8 1068,9 519.8 6972.1 3015.5 6.4 0.0 Residential 2.1% 1.2% 4.8% 4.6% 3.7% 3.3% 0.0% 0.00/0 Iota Medium -High Acres 806.0 110.7 2029.3 597.3 3742.8 1150.9 0.0 0.0 (25) Residential Toil 4.6°% 1.6% 9.1% 5.3°% 2.0°% 1.3°% 0.0% 0.0% Acres 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mining °% of Total 0.0%0.0%0.0% 0.0%0.0%0.0°% 0.0% 0.0% Palm Beach Acres 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 112.7 37.0 0.0 0.0 County Rural % of Residential-10 Total 0.0°% 0.0% 0.0% 0.011/0 0.1°% 0,0°% 0,0% 0.0% Recreation and Acres 1590.4 984.1 1409.6 852.5 10026.6 7235.7 1174.1 997.7 Open Space °% of 90% 14.3% 6.3°% 7.6°% 5.3% 7.9% 5.0°% 13.4% Total Acres 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1348.1 910.0 1 637.E 1 391A Rural Estates % of Total D.D0.0%0.00.0%0.0% 0.00.0%0.7°I0 ° % 1.0 2.7 % ° 5.3% Rural Ranches Acres 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5318.6 3988.3 2296.1 1639.0 September 2022 Page 1 63 BP;c,� WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.8% 4.3% 9.8% 1 P22.1 Total Acres 2122.8 1624.5 1702.8 1136.4 11334.4 4243.0 928.5 0.0 Transportation % 12.0% 23.6% 7.7% 10.2% 6.0% 4.6% 4.0% 0.0% Totaall Acres 1825.9 109.0 1256.1 114.7 1 3022.1 115.1 2286 0.0 Water % of 10.4% 1.6% 5.7% 1.0% 1.6% 0.1 % 1.0% 0.0% Total Acres 17621.5 6888.5 22229.0 111823 188790.5 91690.1 1 23472.2 7427.4 TOTAL % of 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%100.00% Total Snurm 8mward County Pmnertv Aooraisw Gig July 2017 Data. Broward County Pronertv ADDraiser Gig. Florida Reoional Planning Councils and Florida Division of Emergency Management, Broward County GIS, FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer, Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Small wildfire -prone areas are found throughout the County, although there is a concentration along Route 27. Single-family homes are found in 46.9% of the wildfire susceptible acres, generally scattered in isolated areas south of Highway 75 and east of Route 27. These homes are most likely very vulnerable to a wildfire since single-family residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of urban areas typically have a lot of vegetation that can allow a fire to spread between homes. Another 24% of the wildfire risk areas, or 1,628 acres, are currently conserved and special attention should be paid to maintaining wildfire fuel levels through prescribed burning or mechanical means in these areas. Another 875 acres are currently undeveloped. Vacant lands often can add to wildfire risk since wildfire fuel levels are not typically maintained. Of the undeveloped land, 19.1 % is designated for future residential estates and 12.6% is designated for rural ranches. When development does occur on these lands, wildfire mitigation techniques for neighborhood design should be encouraged as well as education of homeowners about maintaining defensible space. Major Disaster Declarations Prior to determining the potential hazards of most significant concern for Broward County, it is also helpful to review past major disaster declarations that have impacted the area. Major disasters are declared by the President of the United States when the magnitude of a disaster event is of such severity and magnitude that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the State and the local governments. In these cases, eligible applicants may apply for a wide range of federal disaster assistance that include funds for public assistance, individual assistance, and hazard mitigation assistance. Since 1965, Broward County has received 21 presidential disaster declarations for hurricane, flood, wildfire, tornado, and freeze events as listed in Table 4.5. Please note that this listing does not include all federal, state, or local emergency declarations issued for smaller, less damaging disaster events that did not warrant a presidential declaration. September 2022 Page 164 BR"P"'w RD Broward County Emergency Management courv�Y Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.5: Presidential Disaster Declarations for Broward County (1965--2022) Event Declaration Date Declaration Number Hurricane Betsy 09/14/1965 FEMA-209-DR Freeze 03/1511971 FEMA,304-DR Hurricane Andrew 08/24/1992 FEMA-955-DR FEMA-982-DR Tornadoes, Flooding, High Winds & Tides, Freezing 03/2211993 Severe Storms, High Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding 02120/1998 FEMA-1204-DR Severe Storms, High Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding 03/0911998 FEMA-1195-DR Extreme Fire Hazard 06/1811998 FEMA-1223-DR Hurricane Irene 1012011999 FEMA-1306-DR Heavy Rains and Flooding 10104/2000 FEMA-1345-DR Severe Freeze 02106/2001 FEMA-1359-DR Hurricane Charley and Tropical Storm Bonnie 08/1312004 FEMA-1539-DR Hurricane Frances 09104120D4 FEMA-1545-DR Hurricane Jeanne 09/2612004 FEMA-1561-DR Hurricane Katrina 08/2812005 FEMA-1602-DR Hurricane Wilma 10/24/2005 FEMA-1609-DR Tropical Storm Fay 8121/2008 FEMA-3288-DR Hurricane Matthew 11104/2016 FEMA4283-DR Hurricane Dorian 10/21/2019 FEMA4468-EM September 2022 Page 165 • F L O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Covid-19-Pandemic 03/25/2020 FEMA-4486-DR Hurricane Isaias 08/01/2020 FEMA-3533-EM Hurricane Ian 11/10/2022 FEMA-4673-DR Hurricane Nicole 12/13/2022 FEMA-4680-DR Hazards of Most Significant Concern for Broward County Each of the initially identified hazards was studied for their potential impact on Broward County as well as in terms of the availability of hazard mitigation strategies to reduce that impact. Best available data on historical occurrences, the geographic location and extent as well as the probability of future occurrences were collected and reviewed as part of the hazard identification process. Hazard Identification Broward County is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human caused hazards that threaten life and property. FEMA's current regulations and guidance under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) require, at a minimum, an evaluation of a full range of natural hazards. An evaluation of human -caused hazards (i.e., technological hazards, terrorism) is encouraged, though not required for plan approval. September 2022 Page 166 BWY',WRD Ckp Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.6: Most Significant Hazards of Concern for Broward County Natural Hazards Atmospheric 0 Extreme Heat ❑ Freeze ❑ Lightning 0 Severe Thunderstorm 0 Tornado 0 Tropical Cyclone (Storms and Hurricanes) ❑ Winter Storm Hydrologic 0 Coastal Erosion 0 Drought 0 Flood ❑ Rip Current 0 Sea Level Rise/Climate Change Geologic ❑ Earthquake ❑ Expansive Soils ❑ Sinkhole I Land Subsidence ❑ Tsunami ❑ Volcano Other 0 Wildfire September 2022 Human Caused Hazards Biological ❑ Agricultural Disease 0 PandemiOnfectious Disease Societal ❑ Civil Disturbance 0 Mass Migration © Terrorism 0 Active Shooter Technological 0 Cyber ❑ Dam I Levee Failure 0 Hazardous Material Incident ❑ Nuclear Power Plant Accident ❑ Structural Fire Page 167 • JAKIL F L O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.7: Hazards Excluded from Further Analysis Hazard Reasons for Exclusion Deep freezes do occasionally occur in South Florida; however, these events cause minimal impact outside Freeze of agricultural losses and related economic industries (including commercial nurseries). Due to widespread urban development and minimal agricultural land uses in Broward County, historical crop damages due to freezes are minimal in comparison to other areas in Florida. Winter Storm South Florida is not at risk to winter storms (including snow, ice, sleet, and blizzard conditions). Broward County is located well outside of any areas identified by the United States Geological Survey as having seismic risk (see Map 4.5). The peak ground acceleration (PGA) with a 10% probability of Earthquake exceedance in 50 years for Broward County is 0%. gravity (g) (lowest potential for seismic ground shaking events). FEMA recommends that earthquakes only be further evaluated for mitigation purposes in areas with a PGA of 3% g or more. Expansive Soils/Land South Florida is not at risk to expansive soils. Based on its soil type, there is no potential for ground swelling Subsidence and associated property damages in Broward County. Extremely rare, small events are possible along the eastern shoreline of Broward County, but the impact Tsunami would likely be minimal. Further, the vulnerability of coastal assets to tsunami inundation is lessened through ongoing hurricane storm surge mitigation practices. Volcano Volcanoes are not located anywhere near Broward County. Due to widespread urban development and minimal agricultural land uses in Broward County, agricultural Agricultural Disease disease is not a significant hazard of concern for Broward County. Although some residents do have citrus' trees on their property that are susceptible to citrus canker, the Florida Department of Agriculture has an aggressive program in place for the cutting down and removal of infected trees. There have been no recorded instances of large, unlawful civil disturbances in Broward County that have Civil Disturbance exceeded the ability of existing law enforcement resources and partnering agencies to suppress and control. Aside from existing operations planning and ongoing security preparedness efforts, there is little that may be done in terms of hazard mitigation. According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the FEMA National Dam Safety Program, there are no identified dams or levees which pose a high or intermediate hazard to Broward County. The Broward` Dam / Levee Failure County portion of the East Coast Protective Levee was accredited it September 2013. Although not included as a significant hazard of concern, future analysis should be done on the impact of dam / levee failure. Broward County is located outside of the Plume Exposure Pathway (10-mile radius) of the Turkey Point Nuclear Power Generating Station (located in Miami -Dade County) in which shelter and/or evacuation Nuclear Power Plant would likely be the principal immediate protective actions against accidental releases of radiological Accident plumes (see Map 4.6). Portions of Broward County are in the Ingestion Pathway Zone (50-mile radius) but in the event of an accident, impacts are likely to be limited to serving as a host to evacuees from Miami - Dade County. The structural fire hazard is more appropriately and adequately addressed through statewide and local fire Structural Fire safety standards and codes, in addition to the continuous planning, training, and routine operation of local firefighting services. Lightning is a weather hazard of importance and extensive cautionary messaging is produced from the Lightning National Weather Services and local television venues during storms and rain events. Although not included as significant hazard of concern, more in-depth analysis was done on lighting in hazards assessment. Rip currents are a risk of importance and cautionary messaging is produced from the National Weather Rip Currents Services and local television venues. Although not included as significant hazard of concern, more in- depth analysis was done on rip currents in hazards assessment. September 2022 Page 168 BR:t.WARD cou�rr Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.4: Peak Ground Acceleration for Earthquake Risk J Peak Ground Acceleration Acceleration Values 1❑ 7 i 6 r^ 7 5 — 4 �.— " 3 2 1 Q Broward County Mwa Florida Counties Source: 2017 Broward County ELMS, verified 2022 September 2022 Page 169 BK`�1IUAR� Broward County Emergency Management '' couNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.5: Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant Emergency Planning Zones Source: 2017 Broward County GIS, Florida Department of Emergency Management, verified 2022. September 2022 Page 170 BR;':WARD COUNTY Natural Hazards and Human Caused Hazards Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Natural hazards have the potential to threaten lives and cause costly damages to the built environment. Natural hazards are the largest single contributor to catastrophic or repetitive damage to communities in Broward County. This section includes the natural hazards that pose the greatest risk in Broward County. Natural hazards are categorized as atmospheric, hydrologic, geologic, and other (i.e., wildfire). Hazards are listed alphabetically by category. An addition to the enhanced LMS plan is the inclusion of sea level rise/climate change as a natural hazard. While this warrants its own subsection under "Hydrologic Hazards", it has far ranged impacts that are discussed in the "Probability of Future Events" sections of other hazards that will be impacted such as drought, hurricane wind, flood, and wildfire. Broward County's list of projects to mitigate hazards may be found in Appendix C. In the project list, tropical cyclones (hurricanes and tropical storms), thunderstorms, and tornadoes are all listed as "Wind" events. Human caused hazards also have the potential to threaten life, health and safety for the residents and businesses of Broward County. These include biological, societal, and technological hazards. A listing of these hazards and the potential impact to Broward County is described in this section. Hazards Locations Broward County has experienced multiple natural hazards among its 31 municipalities and unincorporated areas. These hazards primarily include tropical cyclones and tornadoes and, more recently, extreme heat. While a tropical cyclone is expected and thus provides the opportunity for advance preparedness and, if necessary, evacuation planning and execution, another natural hazard, tornado, does not. In September 2022, a tornado that was spawned by Hurricane Ian when it made landfall in the Fort Myers area on the West Coast, struck the suburb of Pembroke Pines and caused minor to moderate damage to businesses and the general aviation North Perry airport. In recent years, the increased severity of extreme heat has impacted the urban areas of Broward County, specifically Fort Lauderdale. Atmospheric Hazards For the purposes of this vulnerability assessment atmospheric hazards are events or incidents that are associated with weather generated phenomenon. Atmospheric hazards included in this section are extreme heat, lightning, severe thunderstorm (hail and wind), tornado, and tropical cyclone. Extreme Heat Background Since the 2017 ELMS update, Broward County has experienced increased vulnerability of this hazard. Expanded development in terms of residential and commercial construction is a contributing factor, with the greatest concentration of Extreme Heat in the eastern section of the September 2022 Page 171 L: i 21MVIT1.11' F L O R•I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 county (see Location and Spatial Extent, Vulnerability Assessment). Each year, heat is the leading cause of weather -related deaths in the United States (NOAA, 2022). Extreme heat is generally referred to as temperatures that are approximately 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature and is also defined by FEMA as high temperatures elevated above 90°F combined with high humidity lasting for a period of at least 24 to 72 hours. These conditions can limit the body's ability to regulate its temperature and can result in heat related illnesses such as heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Young children, the elderly, and persons with preexisting conditions are most at risk along with outdoor workers, and persons with limited mobility or finances (See Figure X1 on heat index and health impacts below). Extreme heat can also impact our natural and built environment, threatening critical assets such as our railway systems and the power grid. As the earth warms and the climate changes in response to heightened atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG's), elevated temperatures, changing wind and heat circulation patterns, and increases in moisture and humidity all contribute to shifts in extreme heat observed. (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The American Public Health Association, "EXTREME HEAT CAN IMPACT OUR HEALTH IN MANY WAYS".) September 2022 Page 172 BW;,"AA RD COUNTY E cu 40 45 50 55 60 6s 70 75 80 as 90 95 100 80 82 84 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.4. Heat Index & Health Impacts at a Glance Temperature VF) 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 lag 102 104 106 108 110 112+ 105 109 114 119 124 130 136 109 114 119 124 130 137 108 113 118 124 131 137 P�l 106 112 117 124 130 137 I.- 105 110 116 123 129 137 108 114 121 128 136 S 112 119 126 134 109 116 124 132 Off the Charts 106 113 121 129 Neat index formula becomes 110 117 126 135 invalid with extreme temperature and humidty, combinations that 105 113 122 131 will increasingly result from 108 117 127 global warming 112 121 132 ■ 80�F-89°F ■ 90°F-99°F 1000E-104°F 105°F+ Off the Charts Heat index Heat Index Heat Index • b. t Above 105°F Off the Charts ■ PV •r Anyone could be at risk Undetermined: any level of heat -related illness or of exposure is presumed even death as a result of extremely dangerous for all •. , . .• t prolonged exposure. people and likely to result in heat -related illness or even death. Sources: Killer Heat in the United States: Climate Choices and the Future of Dangerously Hot Days. Union of Concerned Scientists (2019), and the Southeast Florida Regional Compact (2022) The heat index is an accurate measure of how hot it really feels when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature and has important considerations for the human body's comfort (NWS, 2022). In very humid conditions, when the air temperature exceeds 90°F, the heat index can approach or reach 'off the charts levels' (when it feels hatter than approximately 135°F), which is presumed extremely dangerous for all people and likely to result in heat -related illness or even death. September 2022 Page 173 F L O R!I O A Location and Spatial Extent Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Broward County (1224.70 mi2) has a developed area bound by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Everglades to the west, where its conservation area is located. Broward County (Z 26.15250 N, 80.4869' W) is located within the subtropical climate zone and experiences all four Koppen climate types found in Florida with most of the developed area identified as rainforest or monsoon types (AF or AM respectively), while the conservation area has mainly a savanna climate with a small northwestern area having a humid subtropical climate type (Aw and Cfa respectively; See Figure X2 and Table X1). Because of its climate, the entire County has been historically vulnerable to extreme heat events. Broward has an extensive network of waterbodies (see Figure X3) which can generate a localized cooling effect during extreme heat events due to water's high specific heat capacity which enables it to heat up and cool down much slower than land. When a waterbody is cooler than the adjacent land, several heat transfer mechanisms can facilitate a cooling effect on the land such as a surface -air temperature gradient over a waterbody generating a pull on the heat energy above the adjacent land. However, as waterbodies heat up in response to a warmer climate and more extended periods of extreme heat, waterbodies can drive increases in relative humidity via evaporation from its surface, which can increase the heat index or how hot it feels. Because of Broward County's subtropical latitude, the area is exposed to easterly trade winds that move west. While these winds can diminish the impacts of extreme heat, they can also drive warmer oceanic surface water west towards Broward's east coast. Broward's low-lying topography has few natural sources of shade: cloud cover and tree canopy cover (generally denser in western communities). Broward County is exposed to the urban heat island (UHI) effect where urbanized areas with more dense buildings, roads, infrastructure, and other impervious surfaces experience higher temperatures than outlying areas with more natural landscapes. This is largely due to the lower solar reflectance of impervious materials than that of vegetation. Generally, Broward County is more built up in the east, where UHIs can exacerbate extreme heat. September 2022 Page 174 Broward County Emergency Management ��c,'M R[] Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy COUNTY September 2022 Figure 4.5: Koppen Climate Types of Florida Koppen Climate Type - Af (Rohifore ry .N�% [ti nannul - _+111 [ �fc ns an,1 I_ Cfa I Humid suhh-p,ral) Source: 1991-2020 climate normal from PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, hqps:,/prlsim.creoon5�tate.edu.edLi; Outline map from US Census Bureau Table 4.8: Classification of major climatic types according to the modified Konnen-Geiger scheme September 2022 Page 175 F L O R•1 DA Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 m precipitation in driest month < 2.36" (60mm) but z 100—(r/25)* w precipitation in driest month < 2.36" (60mm) and < 100—(r/25) B2 70% or more of annual precipitation falls in the summer 1/2 of the year and r less than 20t + 280, or 70% or more of annual precipitation falls in the winter 1/2 of the year & r less than 20t, or neither 1/2 of the year has 70% or more of annual precipitation and r < 20t + 140 3 \A/ w 1, � �/� UI ulc UPPCI IllInL Ior aassmcavon as a t9 type (see above) S I I r is < 1/2 of the upper limit for classification as a B type but is > 1/2 of that amount h I t z 64.4 °F (18°C) k I t < 64.4 `F (18"C) C I I I temperature of the warmest month >_ 50 F (100C), & temperature of coldest month < 64.4 °F (18"C) but > 26.6F (-3`C) s I I precipitation in the driest month of the winter 1/2 of the year < 1.2" (30 mm) & < 1/3 of the amount in the wettest month of the winter half w I I precipitation in the driest month of the winter 1/2 of the year < 1/10 of the amount in the wettest month of the summer half f I I precipitation more evenly distributed throughout year; criteria for neither s nor w satisfied a I temperature of warmest month >_ 71.6F (22°C) b Itemperature of each of four warmest months 50"F (10°C) or above but warmest month < 71.6 F (22`C) c Itemperature of one to three months 50°F (10°C) or above but warmest month < 71.6"F (22"C) D I I I temperature of warmest month z 10 C, & temperature of coldest month = 26.6°F ( -3`C) s I I same as for type C w I I same as for type C September 2022 Page 176 BW,cr,WARD COUNTY Source: htt s:lfwww.britarnnica.comisciencelKo en7�umate-class'tication Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 In the formulas above, r is average annual precipitation total (mm), and t is average annual temperature T (T). All other temperatures are monthly means T (T), and all otherprecipitalion amounts are mean monthly totals (mm).2Any climate that satisfies the criteria for designation as a 8 type is classified as such, irrespective of its other characteristics. 3The summer half of the year is defined as the months April —September for the Northern Hemisphere and October --March for the Southern Hem isphare. 'Most modern climate schemes consider the role of attitude. The highland zone has been taken from G.T. Trewartha, An introduction to Climate, A'h ed. (1968). September 2022 Page 177 B(NARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.6: Waterbodies & Surface Water Features 0 2 4 8 12 16 Miles September 2022 Page 178 Broward County Emergency Management W,16MARD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy C(DuNTY September 2022 Observed Temperature Global and local temperatures fluctuate in response to seasonal changes, astrological and geological events, and recurring oceanic and atmospheric phenomena such as El Nino and La Nina. Over the past century, the average temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature in Broward County have all increased. Minimum temperature has demonstrated the most accelerated increase at a rate of +3.1OF1 century, followed by average temperature (+2.6°F/ century), and maximum temperature (+2.1 °FI century) which increased at the slowest rate (NOAA, 2022; See Figures X4-X7). An analysis of ambient temperature in Broward County's developed area between 1980-2021 revealed that the average mean temperature was 76.51 °F, the average minimum temperature was 68.92°F, and the average maximum temperature was 84.07 'F, with annual average mean, and minimum for the past 6 years (2015-2021), above the mean line for the timeseries (See Figure 4.7). Figure 4.7: Annual Average Temperature in Broward County from 1895 to 2022 Broward County, Florida Average Temperature =`=F1 :1 _ 1895-2021 -rend l-2 6`F Centu(Y) 11 NOAA National Centers for l=nvironmentat information, Climate at a Glance: County Time Series, Average Temperature, published August 2022, retrieved on September 7, 2022, from llttps.#Www.ncdc.noaa.govlca�l The graph above shows an increase of 3.5 degrees since 1895 at a rate of }2.6°F per century. While temperature variability appears to be greater that+ the change in average temperature, the upward trend (shown by the blue line) indicates increasing temperatures over time. September 2022 Page 179 Broward County Emergency Management COUN Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.8: Annual Minimum Temperature in Broward County from 1895 to 2022 Broward County, Florida Minimum Temperature January -December _ 1895-2021 Trend 50.OT (-3.1-V Century) _ •r 19.5'C 55.0'F � • •'r y w rw• 15.9'C 55.G'F • • � • • • rw • 61FF qi I _ i395 !op; 19I5 IM 192_ 14U5 1955 295: 19-3 =cis aIs �r:_ NOAA National Centers for Environmental information, Climate at a Glance: County Time Series, Minimum Temperature, published August 202Z retrieved on September 7, 202Z from https.Avww.ncdc.noaa pov/ca- The graph above shows an increase of 3.6 degrees since 1895 at a rate of +3.1 °F per century. While temperature variability appears to be greater than the change in temperature, the upward trend (shown by the red line) indicates increase in minimum temperatures overtime. September 2022 Page 180 Broward County Emergency Management gW.U;WARD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy COUNTY September 2022 Figure 4.9: Maximum Temperature in Broward County from 1895 to 2022 Broward County, Florida Maximum Temperature 1395-2021 -rend r (-2 IT +Century) _ 1 N4AA National Centers for Environmental information, Climate at a Glance: County Time Series, Maximum Temperature, published August 2022, retrieved on September 7, 2022, from https:/Avww.ncdc.noaa. ovlca 1 The graph above shows an increase of 3.2 degrees since 1895 at a rate of+2. t °F per century. While temperature variability appears to be greater than the change in temperature, the upward trend (shown by the blue line) indicates increase in maximum temperatures overtime. September 2022 Page 181 .. V•� P L O R0 11101 1 D A ur 78 - - 77 2 76- Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.10: Broward County Urban Temperature from 1980 to 2021 140 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year 11 70- c g 68- rn Q 66- 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year LL 85- H x 84- m 683- Q 82- 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year Source: PRISM and Broward County Resilient Environment Department Legend — Average Temperature — Historic Trend The graph above shows the 42-year (1980 — 2021) air temperature trend for Broward County. Where Avg. Mean T., Avg. Min. T. and Avg. Max T. stand for Average Mean, Average Minimum and Average Maximum Temperature, respectively for the entire time period. The labeled values represent the average temperature (blue line) for each of the three variables. The timeseries indicates that in case of Avg. Mean T. and Avg. Min. T., the temperatures during last 5-6 years are higher than the long-term average, indicating an increasing trend. Broward County's Water Conservation Area experiences cooler temperatures than the urban area, and between 1980 and 2021 the entire County including the conservation area had an average ambient temperature of 76.05 OF, which is roughly 0.5 degrees cooler than the mean temperature of the County's urban area (76.51 OF). Land surface temperature maps of the entire County between 1987 and 2022 also demonstrated the urban heat island effect at work with the conservation area maintaining lower surface temperatures than the developed area (See Figures X8 and X9). Generally, densely developed areas with more infrastructure (e.g., large highways, rail, bridges etc.) and a high impervious surface area absorb more heat energy than areas with more natural landscapes. Also, within the County's urban area, temperatures are generally cooler in the west and warmer towards the east, though within the east, waterfront communities along the intracoastal are generally cooler than other areas. September 2022 Page 182 Kc," 1NARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 :i i BROWARD ALLIGATOR - ALLEY RESERVATION i� '''_-� , r WetVy 4 Pembroke Pinae Baca Rotor Palm Beach County 0 Corai Springs�'. Fam no Beech Ts?na 6Cyy' Plari[ai�on � . - .Y;I arrrlerrial - ,r Hoiiywoou . I i 1E!rslr 3!p' SFWM6]MATER Miami -Dade County CONSERVATION. — — — — — — — — — — — — -- — — — E AREA 3A Cnroi Crtv SOUTH S SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OF) BROWARD COUNTY M a104 r _ I WATER CONSERVATION AREA 95 - 104 URBAN BOUNDARY 86-95 77- 86 68 - 77 0 5 10 20 30 40 Miles 59 - 68 56 - 59 =41-50 <41 Credits- USGS Earth Explorer: Landsat ARD Surface Temperature, Earthstar Geographics, BCGIS, Resilient Environment Department Figure 4.11. Land Surface Temperature January 2420 Above is a land surface temperature map of Broward County on January 19, 2020, that shows 45% of the developed area reaching a surface temperature of between 86 — 95OF with the highest temperatures generally following eastern highways (1-95, Dixie Hwy/ FEC right-of-way, 1-595) and extending into the surrounding areas. Relatively lower temperatures in the conservation area were also observed. September 2022 Page 183 BR,X,'M RD Broward County Emergency Management couNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.12: Land Surface Temperature October 2016 Boca i t I _ i 1 r - "� BROWARD ALLIGATOR • " •4 I ALLEY I RESERVATION, - - i . I I ' SFWMD WATER CONSERVAAOSL AREA 3A SOUTH SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OF) BROWARD COUNTY 1111111110 >!104 r _I WATER CONSERVATION AREA i111111110 95 - 104 i= URBAN BOUNDARY 86-95 77 - 86 68 77 0 5 10 20 30 40 (t 59 - 68 Miles 50 - 59 1111111110 41 - 50 1111111110 <41 Credits: USGS Earth Explorer: landsat ARD Surface Temperature, Earthstar Geographics, BCGIS, Resilient Environment Departrnent Above is a land surface temperature map of Broward County on October 22, 2016. Despite the seasonal differences, the footprint of the hottest areas is like that of the previous surface temperature map for January 19, 2020. September 2022 Page 184 Broward County Emergency Management g�,er,WARD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy COUNTY September 2022 Figure 4.13: Average Temperature by Census Block Groups Source: r Equity Swm, VSGS Earth Explorer, vs c-n &,wu, Evi, KrIS, ftslbw ErrrironmeM Dewlwwd 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10 Miles September 2022 Page 185 F A O R•1 D A Historical Occurrences Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 According to the CDC's National Environmental Tracing Network (Link), from 2017 through 2020 there were a total of 125 heat related illness fatalities in Florida with 41 deaths occurring in 2020, 27 deaths in 2019, 15 deaths in 2018, and 42 deaths in 2017. In the City of Fort Lauderdale, the record high for the maximum daily temperature was broken once in 2021, and 10 times in 2020. The record high for the minimum daily temperature was surpassed 19 times in 2021, and 44 times in 2020. In contrast, the record low for the minimum daily temperature was not exceeded in 2020 nor in 2021 (NOAA, 2022: Link). Table 4.8: Daily Climatological Records in Fort Lauderdale between 2017 - 2021 where Maximum Temperature is z 95°F On July 9, 2020, the maximum temperature in Fort. Lauderdale July 2020 reached a high of 96°F September 2019 On September 6, 2019, the temperature in Fort. Lauderdale reached a high of 950F --•,..,.......y .+,,,, w.v-j. 1-1 Ua wi I VIl LGUUCI UGIC https://www.weather.gov/media/mfl/climate/Daily Records Fort Lauderdale adf September 2022 Page 186 B�;c.t,WARD COUNTY Probability and Extent of Future Events Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 By 2050 the number of days that the heat index exceeds 90 °F is projected to increase to 184 days (32 days higher than the historical numbers), and at least 1 day of off the charts heat index is predicted. By 2070, these number are even more alarming (See Table 4.10). By late century, if global warming is limited to 2-C, modeling indicates there will still be significant increases in the number of days the heat index is above 90'F, 100°F, and 1WF, however there will not be any days that the heat index is off the charts (See Table 4.10), The probability of this hazard occurring is highly likely. Table 4.5: Historical and Projected Heat Index 100'F ------ 34 days 128 days 162 days 1ua says 105T ------ 5 days 80 days 132 days 52 days Off the Charts 0 days 1 days 14 days 0 days Source: Killer Heat in the United Stated: Climate Choices and the Future of Dangerously Hot Days The average mean temperature, average minimum temperature, and the average maximum temperature in Broward County are all forecasted to continue trending upwards, with average minimum temperature showing the most accelerated increase, and average maximum temperature showing the slowest increase (See Figure 4.15). September 2022 - Page 187 Bf1'; HARD COUNTY LE 78 0 F- 77- c m w g 76- a 72- 0 I— 70- _c F 68- CT Q 66- 64- 86- LL 0 F 84- x m 682- Q Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.14: Historical and Forecasted Temperature in Broward County 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Year Source: PRISM and Broward County Resilient Environment Department The graph above shows the forecast for the three air temperature variables analyzed. All these variables show an increase in air temperature in the future. The labeled values represent the rate of change over the next nine years, where Avg. Min. T shows the highest change as shown in the pink shaded region of the graph. Vulnerability Assessment The eastern half of Broward County is more exposed to extreme heat, with the highest temperatures generally concentrated in densely populated areas with more infrastructure and greater impervious surface area (e.g., surrounding 1-95 and other large highways, rail, bridges etc.). An urban heat island analysis conducted by Earth Economics (2020) revealed that in Broward County, 90,000 people lived in neighborhoods where urban heat islands increase temperatures by 2 OF or more and where average per capita incomes are less than 200% the federal poverty level (See Figure X12 below, area outlined in black).These communities lie in the City of Pompano Beach, Oakland Park, North Lauderdale, Lauderhill, Lauderdale Lakes, Fort Lauderdale, Davie, Hollywood, Dania Beach, West Park, Pembroke Park, and Hallandale Beach. In evaluating areas with a high percentage of population in high -risk age groups (under age 14 or over age 65) in addition to the criteria previously described, it was found that 33,000 persons were at risk (See Figure 4.15 below, area outlined in white). These communities termed 'highest risk area**' in the report lie in the City of Deerfield Beach, Pompano Beach, Oakland Park, Lauderdale Lakes, Lauderhill, Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Hallandale Beach. :)epiemoer 1u22 Page 188 Legend Future Trend — Historic Trend BR`,�1NARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.15: Broward County Average Summer Temperatures & High -Risk Census Block Groups Broward County, Average Summer Temperatures s9'F 9p'F 9T'F 92'F 93'F 13 Nigh Risk Area* Highest Risk Area**6-6 v J In 'High Risk Area is defined as neighborhoods where the urban heat islands increase temperatures by Z'F or more and where average per capita incomes are less than 200% the federal poverty level. "Highest Risk Area is defined as neighborhoods where High Risk Area criteria is met as well as a high percentage of population in high risk age groups (under age 14 or over age 65)- eafiet v DoenStreet�lap Cor.;FiGu:CsS <. L CAKC, map isles by Stamen Desgr, C[ by 3 0 Vap O, D ope"5treeMap contr tiutars Source: Earth Economics (2020) Urban Heat Island Analysis of Broward County. See full report here The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a Social Vulnerability Index (SVO in 2018 by census tract for the United States, to help public health officials and emergency response planners identify and map the communities that will most likely need support before, during, and after a hazardous event such as a heat wave or extreme heat. September 2022 Page 189 BRARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The SVI indicates the relative vulnerability of each tract ranked on 15 social factors which are further grouped into 4 themes: Socioeconomic; Household Composition; Minority Status/Language; and Housing Type/ Transportation. Socioeconomic Vulnerability The socioeconomic vulnerability theme includes demographics such as per capita income, persons 25 and older with no high school diploma, persons below poverty, and unemployed persons 16 and older in its social vulnerability ranking tracts. A high percentile ranking for this theme indicates that individuals may lack the flexibility that funds provide for example to relocate to a cooler neighborhood, to opt out of working outdoors, or to purchase, utilize, and maintain air conditioning systems in their homes and vehicles. In comparing the socioeconomic vulnerability maps with the surface temperature maps, great overlap between the most vulnerable populations and communities with relatively higher temperatures was observed. These overlapping areas include parts of Pompano Beach, Oakland Park, Lauderhill and Lauderdale Lakes, Eastern Davie, Dania Beach, Hollywood, Hallandale Beach, West Park, and Eastern Miramar (See Figure 4.16). September 2022 Page 190 gW', HARD cou D Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.16: Heat Exposure & Socioeconomic Vulnerability January 2020 •„" — _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Palm &rxh County a i fl�.�rAi. ,'J i • � �...�'.�L to WARD Fill. • - Pta 'Firl.l.. L. .rY -ci- � , 7• . w J. 't,-� •, N fir,, , • . r�,., ., 7,'�Jilr�;� ',•; - -I Mlaml-Dade County 0 2-75 5.5 11 CA,Oo C;ry 16.5 22 Miles SURFACE TEMPERATURE [°F) BROWARD COUNTY CDC Social Vulnerability Index by Census Tract ?104 WATER CONSERVATION AREA Percentile Ranking for Socioeconomic Theme Summary 95 - 104 0 URBAN BOUNDARY 5 20% 86 - 95 20% - 409h 77 - 66 40% - 60% 68 - 77 6U4b �% a 59 - 68 So% - 100% 50 - 59 �41-50 <41 Credits: CDC, USGS Earth Explorer: Landsat AP Surface Temperature, Earthstar Geographics, BCGIS, Resilient Environment Department Vulnerability by Household Composition Under this theme, the CDC has included demographics such as age (persons 18 and younger, and 65 and older), single parent households with children under 18, and noninstitutionalized persons with a disability in its social vulnerability ranking. Census tracts with a high percentile ranking for this theme are likely to show increased sensitivity to extreme heat because of elevated health risks, a reduced capacity to flee to cooler conditions, and a greater dependency on others, In comparing the social vulnerability maps under this theme with surface temperature maps, it was found that while many of the vulnerable populations were also in communities with relatively higher temperatures, some were not. For portions of Pompano Beach, Central County between Fart Lauderdale and Plantation, and South Broward in parts of Dania Beach & Hollywood, the most vulnerable populations under this theme intersected the hottest communities. While in parts of Coral Springs and Tamarac, the vulnerable population does not overlap communities with relatively higher surface temperatures (See Figure 4.18). September 2022 Page 191 8K; `r,;N cARD January 2020 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.17: Heat Exposure & Social Vulnerability by Household Composition Pyl�h 2e3Cn Cnu9ryJ i. ' Fr i lr CPU grit Miami -D3dP[ounly 6 2,75 5.5 91: ,, .i :, M5 22 y Miles SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OF) BROWARD COUNTY CDC Social Vulnerability Index by Census Tract WATER CONSERVATION AREA percentile Ranking for Household Composition Theme Summary 95 - 104 O URBAN BOUNDARY e- 20% 66.95 J 209c - 4056 n- � 4Q46 - �% 68 - 77 tip°% 8096 59 - 68 50 - 59 �41-50 <41 Credit,: CDC, USGS Earth Explorer: landsat ARD Surface Temperature; EarttrAar Geographies, SCGIS, ReOrwit Swrarvrient Department Vulnerability by Minority Status & Language The CDC has included demographics such as percentage minority (all persons except white, non - Hispanic), and percentage of persons ages 5 and over who speak English less than well in its social vulnerability ranking under the minority status/language theme Census tracts with a high percentile ranking for this theme may have less access to heat advisories and warnings, and other resources that may allow for a quick response. Also, according to the US Census Bureau (2018), Black/ African Americans and Hispanic/ Latinos make up more than 40% of the outdoor workforce. Outdoor workers are more exposed to extreme weather and are more at risk for heat related Illnesses. In comparing the social vulnerability maps under this theme with surface temperature maps, a weak overlap was observed, particularly in western Broward. The social vulnerability map under this theme is essentially a diversity map, and with large bands in eastern, central, and western Broward failing into the highest percentile ranges due to the County's high diversity. Because of the County's large minority population overall, the minority status and language may not be as useful an indicator for vulnerability to heat as in other parts of the country (See Figure 4.18) September 2022 page 192 gR;u 11IIARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.18: Heat Exposure & Social Vulnerability by Minority Status & Language SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°r) BROWARO COUNTY 2104 _ _' WATER CONSERVATION AREA !♦ 95 • 104 © URBAN BOUNDARY Vulnerability by Household Typel Transportation CDC Social Vulnerability Index by Census Tract Percentile Ranking for Minority Status & Language Theme The CDC has included demographics such as households with no vehicle available, households with more people than rooms, percentage housing in structures with 14 or more units, percentage of mobile homes, and percentage of persons in institutionalized group quarters in its social vulnerability ranking under the housing type/transportation theme. Persons in census tracts with a high percentile ranking for this theme are likely to lack the resources needed to facilitate a quick response to elevated temperatures, for example, households with no vehicle available may face challenges in quickly moving to cooler areas during extreme heat events. The social vulnerability map under this theme identifies several areas in central and eastern Broward as highly vulnerable, while areas west of Pembroke Pines depict lower vulnerability. This could be because there are more transit -oriented corridors in the central and eastern parts of the County which encourage multimodal transportation. In comparing the social vulnerability map with the surface temperature map, it was found that while there are serval areas where the most vulnerable populations intersect the hottest communities, such as portions of Pompano Beach, Oakland Park, Fort Lauderdale, Lauderhill, and Lauderdale Lakes, Hollywood, Dania Beach, Hallandale, West Park and Eastern Miramar, and others, there are also examples where the September 2022 Page 1 93 .. . , JAKL VON F L O R •1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 most vulnerable are not in communities with the relatively higher surface temperatures, such as parts of Deerfield Beach, Coral Springs, Tamarac, Davie, and others (See Figure 4.18). September 2022 Page 194 KBroward County Emergency Management c AUARD Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy COUNTY September 2022 Figure 4.19: Heat Exposure & Social Vulnerability by Household Type/Transportation January 2020 �D Palm Beach County ` AMM v •Gill ,yl.SDfln ��' -tom` ' ���'� • f : n 1� Y.. • f is WAHp 'r 1 'yry, � - _ Pan�`;io„ Fa'1�jLa�derdalr - : y �- ,,, fem hro4i+.Pin s � .i�svllyw od Miami-flade County ' 0 2.75 5.5 11 r�,ty 16.5 22 Mlles SURFACE TEMPERATURE ff) BROWARD COUNTY CDC Social Vulnerability Index by Census Tract ?104 = _' WATER CONSERVATION AREA Percentile Ranking for HouseholdTypel Transportation Theme Summary; 0 95 - 1G4 [] URBAN BOUNDARY s 20% 86 - 95 20% - 40% 77 - 86 - - 4Ge% 60% 68 - 77 ® 60°Ia - 100% 59 - 68 [� E0°Io - 16aD/o 50 - 59 1�41-50 <41 Credits: CDC, USGS Earth Explorer: Landsat ARD Surface Temperature, Earthstar GeNraphics, BCGIS, Resilient Environment Department .. Pandemicllnfectious disease The Covid-19 pandemic that began in 2020 impacted the lives of residents as well as all commercial and governmental operations in Broward County. While, as of this 2022 update, many of the restrictions and precautions that were imposed to contain the spread of the virus have been relaxed or waived, it is recognized that this is a hazard that must be included in the planning and preparedness for the foreseeable future. Broward County Emergency Management Division works closely with the Florida Department of Health in monitoring disease trends and outbreaks and, when necessitated, to take appropriate action to safeguard the Broward County community. September 2022 Page 195 BR4c.' cARD Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered likely to occur. Mass Migration Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 While this is not a hazard that has the potential to impact Broward County in the same way as a natural hazard or a pandemic, each occurrence can disrupt the daily lives of residents and tourists and business and governmental operations as well. Most recently, there has been an increased level of occurrence as migrants seeking refuge in the United States are arriving on the shores of Broward County's ocean front communities such as Deerfield Beach, Pompano Beach, and Fort Lauderdale. Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered likely to occur. Terrorism Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the public safety agencies of Broward County have instituted pro -active measures to identify and contain a potential terrorist incident. This vigilance, in coordination with state and federal law enforcement agencies, has largely prevented another terrorist attack from occurring and impacting Broward County and its 31 municipalities. Still, the possibility of another terrorist attack occurring that would impact Broward County is recognized. Through ongoing training and exercising, the county maintains and will maintain its vigilance of this hazard. Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered likely to occur. Cyber The threat of a cyber-attack has been added to the listing of Most Significant Hazards of Concern For Broward County. Over the past five years, the potential for a cyber-attack has greatly increased due to the latest methods and capabilities that enable cyber criminals to access government, business, and personal computers and even servers. Government owned and/or operated electronic systems that access the Internet, for example, are at the top of the list of targets for cyber criminals. Broward County government has implemented numerous safeguards to prevent cyber-attacks on its internal communications systems. Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered highly likely to occur. Hazardous Material Incident Hazardous material incidents occur routinely throughout Broward County's municipalities and unincorporated areas. Normally, these incidents are contained and resolved by county and local fire/rescue and law enforcement first responders. In an extensive hazmat release, the protocols September 2022 Page F96 BWP.',WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 for response and, when necessary, evacuation, facilitate the actions that successfully mitigate the incident. However, continuous training for first responders and initiatives that promote public awareness of a hazmat incident are supported by Broward County government and by its 31 municipalities. Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered highly likely to occur. September 2022 - - Page 197 .. A F L O R •I D A Severe Storm Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Since the 2017 ELMS update, Broward County has experienced an increased level of Severe Storm activity. While the number of severe storms generated each year is dependent upon a variety of climatological factors, Broward can expect to see more severe storms that include the following elements. Background According to the National Severe Storms Laboratory, more than 100,000 thunderstorms occur each year, though only about 10% of these storms are classified as "severe" (wind speeds greater than 58 miles per hour). Although thunderstorms generally affect a small area when they occur, they are very dangerous because of their ability to generate strong winds, tornadoes, hailstorms, flash flooding, and damaging lightning. While thunderstorms can occur in all regions of the United States, they are most common in the central and southern states because atmospheric conditions in those regions are most ideal for generating these powerful storms. Thunderstorms are caused when air masses of varying temperatures meet. Rapidly rising warm moist air serves as the "engine" for thunderstorms. These storms can occur singularly, in lines or in clusters. They can move through an area very quickly or linger for several hours. The National Weather Service estimates that as many as 40,000 thunderstorm occurrences each day world-wide. On an annual basis, this means an incredible 14.6 million occurrences annually world-wide. Florida leads the nation with the highest incidence per year (80 to 100 plus annual thunderstorm days). Because of Florida's vulnerability to this hazard, specifically Broward County, the impacts to residents and businesses can be severe. Long term power outages, which can occur during a severe storm, impact the health and safety of segments of the vulnerable population. Similarly, straight-line wind and hail can cause injury and property damage. Straight-line Wind and Hail, as described below, are components of severe storms. Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered highly likely to occur. Straight-line Wind Straight-line winds, which in extreme cases have the potential to cause wind gusts that exceed 100 miles per hour, are responsible for most thunderstorm wind damage. One type of straight- line wind, the downburst, can cause damage equivalent to a strong tornado and can be extremely dangerous to aviation. Hail Hailstorms are another potential damaging outgrowth of severe thunderstorms. Early in the developmental stages of a hailstorm, ice crystals form within a low-pressure front due to the rapid rising of warm air into the upper atmosphere and the subsequent cooling of the air mass. Frozen droplets gradually accumulate on the ice crystals until having developed sufficient weight they fall as precipitation —as balls or irregularly shaped masses of ice greater than 0.75 inches in diameter. The size of hailstones is a direct function of the size and severity of the storm. High velocity updraft September 2022 Page 198 BRX,'M CplJh1 p RD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 winds Keep hail in suspension in thunderclouds. The strength of the updraft is a function of the intensity of heating at the Earth's surface, Higher temperature gradients relative to elevation above the surface result in increased suspension time and hailstone size. Location and Spatial Extent Florida remains one of the most vulnerable states in the U.S. to thunderstorm events. According to the State of Florida Hazard Mitigation Plan, it is a rare occasion when thunderstorms are not observed somewhere in the state daily during the summer rainy season (generally the end of May through the beginning of October). Thunderstorms vary tremendously in terms of size, location, intensity, and duration but are considered extremely frequent occurrences throughout South Florida and Broward County. It is assumed that all of Broward County is uniformly exposed to severe thunderstorms. Historical Occurrences According to the National Centers for Environmental Information, there have been 427 recorded severe thunderstorm events (including hail and high wind) in Broward County since the early 1950's. These included: ■ 282 high wind events since 1955. ■ 155 hail events since 1955. ■ The locations of historically recorded hail events are shown in Map 4.7, Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability of future severe thunderstorm events in Broward County is considered "highly likely". In the future Broward County could be expected to receive severe thunderstorm events with straight-line winds that exceed 58 mph winds and hail size up to 3 inches in diameter. Vulnerability Assessment Historical evidence shows that all of Broward County is vulnerable to impacts from severe thunderstorms. Because it cannot be predicted where severe thunderstorms may strike, all buildings and facilities are uniformly exposed to this hazard and could potentially be impacted. It is important to note that only high wind and hail events attributed to severe thunderstorms that have been reported through NOAA data have been factored into this risk assessment. However, in the past 62 years it is likely that a higher number of thunderstorm occurrences have not been reported. Tornado With the expected increase in the number of severe storms (i.e., thunderstorms) each year due to climatological factors related to climate change, it is anticipated that Broward County will experience increased tornado activity. As an example, as is further described in this section, two unclassified tornados spawned by Hurricane Ian before it made landfall on Florida's west coast struck the neighborhood of Pasadena Lakes in east Pembroke Pines and in Davie, causing major damage. September 2022 page 199 Bf OWC ARD COUNTY Background Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel -shaped cloud extending to the ground. Tornadoes are most often generated by thunderstorm activity (but sometimes result from hurricanes and other tropical storms) when cool, dry air intersects and overrides a layer of warm, moist air forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The damage caused by a tornado is a result of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris, also accompanied by lightning or large hail. According to the National Weather Service, tornado wind speeds normally range from 40 to more than 300 miles per hour. The most violent tornadoes have rotating winds of 250 miles per hour or more and can cause extreme destruction and turning normally harmless objects into deadly missiles. Each year, an average of over 1,230 tornadoes are reported nationwide, resulting in an average of 71 deaths over the last thirty years (NOAA Storm Prediction Center (SPC). They are more likely to occur during the months of March through May and can occur at any time of day but are likely to form in the late afternoon and early evening. Most tornadoes are a few dozen yards wide and touch down briefly, but even small short-lived tornadoes can inflict tremendous damage. Highly destructive tornadoes may carve out a path over a mile wide and several miles long. The destruction caused by tornadoes ranges from light to inconceivable depending on the Intensity, size, and duration of the storm. Typically, tornadoes cause the greatest damage to structures of light construction such as residential homes (particularly mobile homes). The Enhanced Fujita Scale for Tornadoes was developed to measure tornado strength and associated damages (Table 4.11). Table 4.10: Enhanced Fujita Scale for Tornadoes Number Phrase Second Gust (MPH) Type of Damage Done EFO GALE 65- 85 Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; pushes over shallow -rooted trees; damages to sign boards. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; peels EF1 MODERATE 86-110 surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed. Considerable damage. Roofs tom off frame houses; mobile EF2 SIGNIFICANT 111-135 homes demolished; boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated. EF3 SEVERE 136-165 Roof and some walls tom off well -constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted. Well -constructed houses leveled; structures with weak EF4 DEVASTATING 166-200 foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown, and large missiles generated. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried EF5 INCREDIBLE Over 200 considerable distances to disintegrate; automobile sized missiles fly in excess of 100 meters; trees debarked; steel re -enforced concrete structures badly damaged. According to the SPC, the highest concentration of tornadoes in the United States has been in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Florida respectively. Although the Great Plains region of the September 2022 Page 1 100 BR;�:11RD cVAQU►VTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Central United States does favor the development of the largest and most dangerous tornadoes, Florida experiences some of the highest numbers of tornadoes per square mile of all U.S. states and are generally EF0 or EF1 in intensity (SPC, 2021). Figure 4.20 shows tornado activity in the United States from 2002 to 2021 based on the number of recorded tornadoes per 10,000 square miles. The tornadoes associated with tropical cyclones are most frequent in September and October when the incidence of tropical storm systems is greatest. This type of tornado usually occurs around the perimeter of the storm, and most often to the right and ahead of the storm path or the storm center as it comes ashore. These tornadoes commonly occur as part of large outbreaks and generally move in an easterly direction. September 2022 Page 1 101 .. . , • AMIL F L O R 1 O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.20 Tornado activity in the United States based on the number of recorded tornadoes per 10,000 square miles. Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center, 2022 September 2022 Page 1 102 BK',y.'.WARD COUNTY Location and Spatial Extent Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Tornadoes occur throughout the State of Florida and based on historical data more confirmed tornado touchdowns have been confirmed in South Florida than other regions in the state. Florida tornadoes typically impact a relatively small area; however, events are completely random, and it is not possible to predict specific areas that are more susceptible to tornado strikes over time. Therefore, it is assumed that all of Broward County is uniformly exposed to this hazard. According to the Florida Division of Emergency Management, Florida has 2 distinct tornado seasons: (1) summer (most frequent, less intense events); and (2) late winter/early spring (less frequent, more intense events). Historical Occurrences From 2012 to 2021, Florida averaged 41 tornado events per year, though most are smaller, less intense, and shorter in duration than those in other states. According to the State of Florida Hazard Mitigation Plan, Broward County is designated as a "High Risk" jurisdiction when compared with other Florida counties. According to the National Centers for Environmental Information, there have been 115 recorded tornado events in Broward County since 1950.5 These events resulted in 1 death, 95 injuries, and an estimated $173.7 million in property damages. Most of these events (74) were determined to be of minimal tornado intensity (FO), as shown in Table 4.12. The strongest and most deadly tornado in Broward County history occurred on March 1, 1980, when an F3 tornado killed 1 person, injured 33, and caused approximately $25 million in property damages. Table 4.11. Overall Historical Tornado Impact in Broward County by Jurisdiction L Jurisdiction CGconut Creek Number of Events (1950-2022) Magnitude - Fujita 5c te` . FO F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Maximum F Soale 1 0 i 0 0 0 0 Fl" Coo er Ci 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Coral Springs 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 I FO Dania Beach 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Davie 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 FO and F 2 Deerfield Beach 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 F1 Fart Lauderdale 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 FO and Fi Fort Lauderdale Intemational Ai art i 1 0 0 0 D 0 FO Hallandale Beach 6 4 2 0 0 0 D F1 Hillsboro Beach 1 1 0 0 O 0 0 FO Hillsboro Lighthouse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Hol ood 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 FO and F1 Hol ood N. Pe ny Airport 1 0 1 0 0 0 D 1 F1 Lauderdale -By -The -Sea 0 0 0 0 0 0 r, I nat a livable 5 These events do not include reporled funnel clouds orwaterspouIs. September 2022 Page 1103 .. . , F L O R •1 O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Lauderdale Lakes 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 PFl** Lauderhill 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 FO Lazy Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Lighthouse Point 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Margate 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 FO Miramar 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 F1 North Lauderdale 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 not applicable Oakland Park 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 FO Parkland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Pembroke Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Pembroke Pines 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 F1 Plantation 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 FO'* Pompano Beach 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 FO Sea Ranch Lakes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Southwest Ranches 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Sunrise 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 F1 and F2 Tamarac 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 F1 Broward Municipal Services Districts 71 45 16 7 3 0 0 F3 West Park 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Weston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable Wilton Manors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 not applicable TOTAL 120 78 30 9 3 0 0 F3 Source: National Centers For Environmental Information — as of 1213112022 ' - For historical purposes, the Fujita Scale was used in this table " - The tornados occurred when the Enhanced Fujda scale had been adopted. To exemplify the potential impact of a major tornado event, the following notable recent events are described and considered as part of Broward County's risk assessment and mitigation planning purposes. June 16, 1997 An F1 tornado touched down in Sunrise at the intersection of Commercial Boulevard and Nob Hill, flipping 1 car. The tornado moved southwest to near NW 103 Street/NW 45 Avenue. Several roofs were damaged, numerous windows were broken, small trees were uprooted, and power lines knocked down. Several cars were damaged by flying debris, and 1 injury was reported. Total damages exceeded $1 million. February 2, 1998 In the evening, several F1 tornadoes crossed the Dade/Broward County line and damaged a strip shopping center in Miramar. The multiple tornadoes moved across North Perry airport, where 40 aircraft were destroyed, and 40 aircraft were damaged. The tornadoes weakened as they continued north-northeast damaging a shopping center in Davie near Orange Road/Hiatus Road. Total damages exceeded $30 million. September 2022 Page 1 104 BR',U'WARD c 1p Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 October 18, 2011 A strong tornado rated as an EF-2 with maximum estimated winds of 125 mph moved across western portions of Plantation and Sunrise on the evening of October 181'. A total of 136 structures suffered damage, with about 20-25 of these sustaining significant to severe damage. A few mobile homes in the Plantation section of the tornado were destroyed with roof and wail collapse. The tornado intensified as it moved into Sunrise, damaging homes in the New Orleans Homes subdivision. Two concrete block homes sustained significant to total roof loss, and several other homes had significant roof, garage, and window damage. Cars were damaged by winds and debris as well as uprooted and sheared trees. Most of the damage was in the EF-1 range, except for a two - block area of EF-2 damage in Sunrise at the New Orleans Homes subdivision where the highest winds were noted. Despite the magnitude and extent of the damage, no major injuries were reported with only a few scrapes and cuts. Federal assistance was approved for residents in the affected area due to the severity and magnitude of the damage. January 27, 2016 A line of severe storms moved onto the Gulf coast at Sam that morning, prompting the issuance of several special weather statements, severe thunderstorm warnings, and tornado warnings as it crossed the south -Central peninsula. A strong cyclic mesocyclone that moved onshore during the early morning hours tracked across the peninsula, where it re - intensified over north Central Broward county and produced an EF-1 tornado that moved across Coconut Creek and Pompano Beach. The tornad% #ouched down near the intersection of NW 2' court and NW 431 Ave and traveled northeast leading to several snapped and uprooted hardwood trees and damage to fences across NW 42nd, Palmetto Drive, and Coconut Creek Boulevard. The tornado damaged trees, power lines and tossed several cars across the impacted area. September 27, 2022 An EF-1 tornado spawned by Hurricane Ian before it made landfall on Florida's west coast struck the neighborhood of Pasadena Lakes in east Pembroke Pines. The storm ripped through the neighborhood after destroying about 30 small planes at North Perry airport. Some were missing wings and tails; others were flipped upside down. In addition, there was a small amount of structural damage to the airport, which is operated by Broward County. At approximately the same time, another EF-1 tornado spawned by Ian struck a mobile home park in the nearby city of Davie, damaging at least 10 mobile horses. There were no reported injuries reported from either tornado. Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability of future tornado occurrences affecting Broward County is considered highly likely. According to historical records, Broward County experiences an average of nearly 2 confirmed tornado touchdowns per year. While most of these events are small in terms of size, intensity, and duration, they do pose a significant threat should Broward County experience a direct tornado strike. In the future, Broward County can expect to be hit by tornadoes reaching up to EF3 in strength. Tornadoes, even those at an EF-0 level, can impact residents and businesses, and can cause injuries and property damage. September 2022 Page 1 105 .. A . , 116111011 F L. O R 1 D A Vulnerability Analysis Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 To estimate potential losses due to tornadoes, NOAA historical tornado loss data was used to develop a tornado stochastic model. In this model: • Losses were scaled for inflation. • Average historic tornado damageability was used to generate losses for historical tornadic events where losses were not reported. • Expected annualized losses were calculated through a non -linear regression of historical data. • Probabilistic losses were scaled to account for would-be losses where no exposure/instrument was present at the time of the event. Table 4.13 shows potential annualized property losses for each jurisdiction in Broward County. Table 4.12: Potential Annualized Losses by Jurisdiction (Tornado) Coconut Creek Total Exposure $3,061,603,270 Annualized Expected PropertyJurisdiction Negligible Annualized Percent 0.00% Cooper City $1,943,657150 Negligible 0.00% Coral Springs $8,134,798,700 Negligible 0.00% Dania Beach $1,878 435 580 Negligible 0.00% Davie $6,711,031,880 Negligible 0.00% Deerfield Beach $5,161,599,440 $8,756 0.00% Fort Lauderdale $22,130,694,710 $40,834 0.00% Hallandale Beach $3,836,691,130 $21,247 0.00% Hillsboro Beach $810,574,300 Negibible 0.00% Hollywood $10,029,588,340 Negligible 0.00% Lauderdale -By -The -Sea $1,739928,950 Negligible 0.00% Lauderdale Lakes $1,152,461,750 Negligible 0.00% Lauderhill $2,492,601,430 Negligible 0.00% Lazy Lake $4,107,550 N 1' ible 0.00% Lighthouse Point $1,261,700,120 Negligible 0.00% Margate $2,296,212,030 Negligible 0.00% Miramar $7,475,638,380 $1,046,334 0.01% North Lauderdale $1,260,435,790 Negligible 0.00% Oakland Park $2,473,754,560 Negligible 0.00% Parkland $2,682,321,260 Negligible 0.00% Pembroke Park $404,154,300 Negligible 0.00% Pembroke Pines $10,247,846,250 $7,872 0.000/0 Plantation $6,803,128,100 Negligible 0.00% Pompano Beach $8,981,181,420 Negligible 0.00% Sea Ranch Lakes $110,763,020 Negligible 0.00% September 2022 Page 1 106 B;c ;WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 ExposureJurisdiction Total Property Southwest Ranches $890,133,450 Negligible 0.00% Sunrise $5,308,400,300 $22,890 0.00% Tamarac 553,283,696,510 Ne li role 0.00% Broward Municipal Services Districts $1,106,396,610 $553,674 0.05% West Park $331,537.990 Negligible 0.GG% Weston $6,490,572,820 Ne li ible 0.00% Wilton Manors $941,493,080 Ne li ible 0.00% TOTAL $131,437,140,170 $1,701,607 0.00% Negligible is less than $5,000 Source: 2017 Broward County LMS, Fr=MA's National Risk Index According to FEMA's National Risk Index as of 2022, the Expected Annual Loss for tornadoes in Broward County is $8.8M, with a Total Exposure of $13T. While FEMA designates Broward's Historic Loss Ratio from tornadoes as Very Low, the county's Expected Annual Loss Score is Relatively High at 39.69. The Risk Index Score for tornadoes is 28.91. September 2022 Rage 1 107 BR,t,'Nb�D CY Waterspout Background Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Waterspouts are weak tornadoes that form over warm water and are most common along the Gulf Coast and southeastern states. Waterspouts occasionally move inland, becoming tornadoes that can cause damage and injury. However, most waterspouts dissipate over the open water threatening only marine and boating interests. Typically, a waterspout is weak and short-lived, and because they are so common, most go unreported unless they cause damage. Probability and Extent of Future Events This hazard is considered highly likely to occur. Tropical Cyclones (Storms and Hurricanes) Background Hurricanes and tropical storms are classified as cyclones and defined as any closed circulation developing around a low-pressure center in which the winds rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (or clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) and whose diameter averages 10 to 30 miles across. A tropical cyclone refers to any such circulation that develops over tropical waters. Tropical cyclones act as a "safety -valve," limiting the continued build-up of heat and energy in tropical regions by maintaining the atmospheric heat and moisture balance between the tropics and the pole -ward latitudes. The primary damaging forces associated with these storms are high-level sustained winds, heavy precipitation, and tornadoes. Coastal areas are also vulnerable to the additional forces of storm surge, wind -driven waves, and tidal flooding which can be more destructive than cyclone wind. The key energy source for a tropical cyclone is the release of latent heat from the condensation of warm water. Their formation requires a low-pressure disturbance, warm sea surface temperature, rotational force from the spinning of the earth, and the absence of wind shear in the lowest 50,000 feet of the atmosphere. Most hurricanes and tropical storms form in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico during the official Atlantic hurricane season, which encompasses the months of June through November. The peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is in early to mid -September and the average number of storms that reach hurricane intensity per year in this basin is about 6. As an incipient hurricane develops, barometric pressure (measured in millibars or inches) at its center falls and winds increase. If the atmospheric and oceanic conditions are favorable, it can intensify into a tropical depression. When maximum sustained winds reach or exceed 39 miles per hour, the system is designated a tropical storm, given a name, and is closely monitored by the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. When sustained winds reach or exceed 74 miles per hour the storm is deemed a hurricane. Hurricane intensity is further classified by the Saffir- Simpson Scale (Table 4.14), which rates hurricane intensity on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the most intense. Storm surge is no longer included in the scale due to fluctuations in wind speed in the span of a hurricane that may not alter the storm surge level. Located immediately offshore and running parallel to Broward County's 24 miles of shoreline, Florida's coral reef consisting of a ridge complex, inner, middle, and outer reefs provide storm September 2022 Page 1 108 BR'P.MARD CNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 protection and flood reduction benefits to the County. The physical relief features of coral reefs serve as a natural barrier to shorelines by reducing wave energy. According to Ferrario et al. (2014), on average, coral reefs reduce wave energy by 97%. Due to its close the proximity to the highly urbanized shoreline of Broward County, the exposure of coral reefs to human -induced impacts coupled with the effects of climate change on ocean chemistry and temperature, and the recent widespread outbreak of stony coral tissue loss disease, resulted in both biological and physical degradation of the coral reef ecosystem. The degradation reduces the capability of coral reefs to act as natural infrastructure to provide shore protection. The value of US reefs as flood protection against damages to property in Florida is estimated to be $823 million annually (Storlazzi et al., 2019). Table 4.13: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale Category 1 Maximum Sustained Wind Speed (MPH) 74 — 95 Minimum Surface Pressure b. Greater than 980 2 96 —110 979-965 3 111-130 964-945 4 131-155 944-920 5 155 plus Less than 920 The Saffir-Simpson Scale categorizes hurricane intensity linearly based upon maximum sustained winds, barometric pressure and, which are combined to estimate potential damage. Categories 3, 4, and 5 are classified as "major" hurricanes, and while hurricanes within this range comprise only 20% of total tropical cyclone landfalls, they account for over 70% of the damage in the United States. Table 4.15 describes the damage that could be expected for each category of hurricane. Damage during hurricanes may also result from spawned tornadoes, storm surge, and inland flooding associated with heavy rainfall that usually accompanies these storms. September 2022 page 1 109 .. ,.� F L O R •I O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.14: Hurricane Damage Classifications StormDamage Category Description of Damages Photo No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to 1 MINIMAL unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage. Some roofing material, door, and window damage. Considerable 2 MODERATE damage to vegetation, mobile homes, etc. Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtain wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed. 3 EXTENSIVE Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, with larger 00. structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland. More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof.. 4 EXTREME structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain may be flooded well inland. Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over 5 CATASTROPHIC or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. Sources: National Hurricane Center, Federal Emergency Management Agency Location and Spatial Extent Florida remains one of the most vulnerable states in the U.S. to hurricanes and tropical storms. By virtue of its geographic location in South Florida, all areas of Broward County are highly susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storm -force winds. Further, the immediate coastal zone and areas along the canals of Broward County are extremely susceptible to potential storm surge inundation resulting from hurricanes and tropical storms, as well as inundation from King Tide events, which will be exacerbated as sea levels rise. The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) manages water levels in the canals to reduce saltwater intrusion into the fresh ground water and nearby wellfields that are used for public water supply. SFWMD monitors water levels in the canals carefully and operates a series of water control structures in each canal that have gates which shut when the tailwater levels (ocean side) are higher than headwater levels (inland side), which would allow saltwater to move inland. Examples of the water control structures, which are part of the C&SF System, are the S33 on Canal C-12 (the North Fork of the September 2022 Page 1 110 BI ";' ►I -►I �LJ �ouNrY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 New River) and S36 on Canal C-13. These structures are generally west of 1-95 about halfway between the 1-95 and the Florida Turnpike (one exception is the G54 on the G-15 Canal (the North New River Canal) which is just west of the Florida Turnpike). As sea levels rise, the performance of these gravity based coastal water control structures are being reduced, because discharge rates are a result of the difference between inland water levels and tidal water levels, which are decreasing, in average. Along with sea level rise, other climate impacts, land development, population increase, and aging of the C&SF infrastructure, which was mostly designed and constructed in the 1950's, are significantly impacting the overall performance of the C&SF system. SFWM❑ is making significant infrastructure adaptation investments that are needed to successfully continue to implement its mission of safeguarding and restoring South Florida's water resources and ecosystems, protecting communities from flooding, and ensuring an adequate water supply for all of South Florida's needs, today and in the future. As part of the District's commitment to resiliency, alongside local governments, stakeholders, and communities in the region, to address the impacts of these changing conditions on the District's critical assets, water management operations, water supplies, and water resources, the District is developing its Sea Level Rise and Flood Resiliency Plan. The plan compiles a comprehensive list of priority resiliency projects with the goal of reducing the risks of flooding, sea level rise, and other climate impacts on water resources and increasing community and ecosystem resiliency in South Florida. In addition, the Jacksonville District and the South Florida Water Management District, non- federal partner, initiated the Central and Southern Florida (C&SF) Flood Resiliency Study to identify the need to provide continued flood risk management to reduce the most immediate risk to the C&SF Project due to changing conditions including climate change, sea level change, land development, and population growth in the lower east coast of Florida in Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami -Dade counties. FRM measures to be evaluated may include a combination of structural, non-structural, natural, and nature -based features. High tailwater generally occurs during high tide conditions and the effect is to block saltwater from travelling farther to the west of the water control structures. Just as these structures are operated in the closed position during high tide, they are also closed during storm surge events, such that the gates would serve to block storm surge from travelling west of the water control structures. While it is conceivable that an extreme event may damage the gates, rendering them inoperable as a defense to storm surge, this is not within the reasonable range of potential events, especially given resilience improvements and redundancies planned and underway to ensure backup energy sources and elevating/hardening of control structures and appurtenant infrastructure. While storm surges typically d❑ not generate notable inundation west of the water control structures, high tides and moderate storm surge have been shown to affect water levels in canals west of the control structures, with the potential to hinder basin drainage. Further increases in sea level combined with intensifying high tides and storm surge will necessitate more significant resilience investments, including the replacement of gravity operated gates with pumps, to manage inland stormwater discharges. Without these investments, overtopping of water control structures is likely, along with severe constrains on stormwater management that will increase the flood risk of low-lying areas both coastal and inland in addition to increasing the risk of saltwater contamination of coastal weilfields, September 2022 Page 1111 . . A, F L O P •1 O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Maps 4.8 and 4.9 illustrate storm surge inundation zones for Broward County derived from Florida Division of Emergency Management's effort to update Regional Evacuation Studies. As part of the statewide study, the DEM managed a separate contract to produce updated LIDAR elevation data, which was completed for about 28,000 square miles across the State of Florida. New Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) modeling was then completed for 2 SLOSH basins involved in the update for South Florida: Biscayne Bay for Miami -Dade and Broward Counties, and Florida Bay for Monroe County. Maps 4.9 and 4.10 were developed by BCRED based on the updated 2022 SLOSH modeling results taken from NOAA website. SLOSH is a modeling tool used to estimate storm surge for coastal areas resulting from historical, hypothetical, or predicted hurricanes considering maximum expected levels for pressure, size, forward speed, track, and winds. Therefore, the SLOSH data is best used for defining the potential maximum surge for any location. September 2022 Page 1 112 BR;�.WR� cAp Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.8: Storm Surge inundation Zones Data Source: National Hurricane Center, NOAA Broward County GIS September 2022 Page 1 113 • F L O R I D qA Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.9: Aerial of Storm Surge Inundation Source: National Hurricane Center, NOAA, Broward County GIS. September 2022 Page 1 114 Bpc.�'WRD C:Ap Historical Occurrences Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 According to NCAA historical storm track records, 102 hurricane or tropical storm tracks have passed within 75 miles of Broward County since 1850.& This includes: three Category 5 hurricanes, 8 Category 4 hurricanes, 13 Category 3 hurricanes, 15 Category 2 hurricanes, 18 Category 1 hurricanes, and 51 tropical storms. Of the 106 recorded storm events, 22 had tracks that traversed directly through Broward County. Table 4.16 provides for each event the date of occurrence, name (if applicable), maximum wind speed (as recorded within 75 miles of Broward County), and Category of the storm based on the 5affir-Simpson Scale. Table 4.15: Historical Storm Tracks within 75 Miles of Broward County (1850-2022) Date of Occurrence 1011711859 Storm Name Unnamed Maximum Wind Speed 70 Storm Category Tropical Storm 111111861 Unnamed 70 Tropical Storm 9/17/1863 Unnamed 70 Tro [cal Storm 10/23/1865 Unnamed 105 Category 2 Hurricane 10/11/1870 Unnamed 105 Category 2 Hurricane 10/2011870 Unnamed 90 Category 1 Hurricane 8/17/1871 Unnamed 115 Category 3 Hurricane 8/2511871 Unnamed 105 Categoy 2 Hurricane 10/711873 Unnamed 115 Category 3 Hurricane 9/16/1876 Unnamed 70 Tropical Storm 10/20/1876 Unnamed 105 Cateqory 2 Hurricane 71311878 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 91811878 Unnamed 70 Tropical Storm 10/22/1878 Unnamed 80 Category 1 Hurricane 8/17/1881 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 812411885 Unnamed 80 Cate o 1 Hurricane 812411886 Unnamed 80 Categoryl Hurricane 8/1611888 Unnamed 125 CategGry 3 Hurricane 9/811888 Unnamed 50 Tropical Storm 912411888 Unnamed 45 Tro ical Storm 101611889 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 8/2411891 Unnamed 85 Category 1 Hurricane 101711891 Unnamed 50 Tropical Storm* 611011892 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm * 9/2511894 Unnamed i 05 Category 2 Hurricane 101211895 Unnamed 60 Tropical Storm 10/16/1895 Unnamed 40 Tropical Storm* 101911896 Unnamed 60 Tropical Storm 8/2/1898 Unnamed 40 Tropical Storm 912711898 Unnamed 40 Tropical Storm 10/11/1898 Unnamed 70 Tropical Storm 713011899 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 6 These storm track statisliCs do not include lrnpical depressiOns or exlratropical storms. Though these related hazard events are less severe in intensity, they may indeed cause significant local impact in terms of rainfall and high winds. September 2022 Page 1 115 Amalk f L o P 1 o A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Date of Occurrence 8/10/1901 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm* 9/11/1903 Unnamed 85 Category 1 Hurricane* 10/17/1904 Unnamed 80 Category 1 Hurricane 6/17/1906 Unnamed 85 Category 1 Hurricane 10/18/1906 Unnamed 120 Category 3 Hurricane 6/28/1909 Unnamed 50 Tropical Storm* 8/29/1909 Unnamed 50 Tropical Storm 10/11/1909 Unnamed 115 Category 3 Hurricane 10/18/1910 Unnamed 120 Category 3 Hurricane 11/15/1916 Unnamed 80 Category 1 Hurricane 10/20/1924 Unnamed 105 Category 2 Hurricane* 7/27/1926 Unnamed 110 Category 2 Hurricane 9/16/1926 Unnamed 40. Tropical Storm 9/18/1926 Unnamed 140 Category 4 Hurricane 10/21/1926 Unnamed 110 Category 2 Hurricane 8/8/1928 Unnamed 100 Category 2 Hurricane 8/13/1928 Unnamed 60 Tropical Storm 9/16/1928 Unnamed 150 Category 4 Hurricane 9/28/1929 Unnamed 110 Category 2 Hurricane 8/30/1932 Unnamed 65 Tropical Storm 7/30/1933 Unnamed 85 Category 1 Hurricane 9/4/1933 Unnamed 130 Category 4 Hurricane 10/5/1933 Unnamed 130 Category 4 Hurricane 5/27/1934 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 9/3/1935 Unnamed 160 Category 5 Hurricane 9/29/1935 Unnamed 115 Category 3 Hurricane 11/4/1935 Unnamed 75 Category 1 Hurricane 6/15/1936 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 7/29/1936 Unnamed 65 Tropical Storm 8/11/1939 Unnamed 80 Category 1 Hurricane 10/6/1941 Unnamed 120 Category 3 Hurricane 9/15/1945 Unnamed 140 Category 4 Hurricane* 11/1/1946 Unnamed 45 Tropical Storm 9/17/1947 Unnamed 160 Category 5 Hurricane* 10/12/1947 Unnamed 85 Category 1 Hurricane* 9/22/1948 Unnamed 120 Category 3 Hurricane* 10/5/1948 Unnamed 125 Category 3 Hurricane 8/27/1949 Unnamed 150 Category 4 Hurricane 10/18/1950 King 110 Category 2 Hurricane* 10/2/1951 How 70 Storm 2/3/1952 Unnamed 50 —Tropical Tropical Storm*. 8/29/1953 Unnamed 50 Tropical Storm* 10/5/1953 Unnamed 40 Storm 10/9/1953 Hazel 70 --Tropical Tropical Storm 10/18/1959 Judith 50 Tropical Storm 9/10/1960 Donna 140 Category 4 Hurricane 8/27/1964 Cleo 105 Category 2 Hurricane* 10/14/1964 Isbell 125 Category 3 Hurricane* 9/8/1965 Betsy 125 Category 3 Hurricane 10/4/1966 Inez 85 Category 1 Hurricane September 2022 Page 1 116 Bf�; IARD couNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 ._Category 10/211969 Jenny Maximum V . SMGed 45 Tropical Storm 8/1911976 Dottie 40 Tropical Storm* 9/3/1979 David 100 Category 2 Hurricane 811811981 Dennis 40 Tropical Storm 9127/1984 Isidore 60 Try !cal Storm 7/24/1985 Bob 45 Tropical Storm 1011211987 Floyd 75 Category 1 Hurricane 10/1611991 Fabian 45 Tropical Storm 8/24/1992 Andrew 160 Category 5 Hurricane 11/16/1994 Gordon 50 Tropical Storm 81211995 Erin 85 CategM 1 Hurricane 8/24/1995 Jerry 40 Tropical Stone 11/5/1998 Mitch 65 Tropical Storm 9121/1999 Harvey 60 Tropical Storm* 10/15/1999 Irene 75 Gatea 1 hurricane* 8/13/2004 Chadey 145 Category 4 Hurricane 91512004 Frances 110 Category 2 Hurricane 9/26/2004 Jeanne 120 Category 3 Hurricane 8125/2005 Katrina 80 Cate a 1 Huncane 1012412005 Wilma 105 Category 2 Hurricane 8130/2006 Ernesto 70 Tropical Storm 8/20/2008 Fay 80 Tropical Storm 7/24/2008 Bonnie 45 Tropical Storm 812/2013 Dorian 39 Tropical Storm 09/0912017 Irma 70 Tropical Storm 09/0212018 Gordon 50 Tropical Storm 11/08/2020 Eta 56 Tropical Storm OM712022 Ian 55 Tropical Storm * Storm track traversed through Broward County. Source: NCAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2022 September 2022 Page 1 117 F L O R •1 O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Some of the more notable historical tropical cyclone events for Broward County are described below: October 18, 1906, Hurricane A hurricane moved across the Florida Keys and passed over Miami on October 18 as a Category 3 storm resulting in the loss of 134 lives. September 18, 1926, Hurricane The eye of the hurricane moved directly over Miami on the morning of September 18, leaving approximately 100 dead. The storm continued northwestward across South Florida and entered the Gulf of Mexico at Fort Myers. Northeast winds from the storm raised Lake Okeechobee water levels above the low dike on the south end of the lake near Moore Haven. Approximately 3 miles of dike failed, sending 10-to-12-foot floodwaters into Moore Haven and at least 5-foot-deep floodwaters into Clewiston, 16 miles to the southeast. September 16, 1928, Hurricane [Okeechobee Hurricane] A Category 4 hurricane made landfall near Palm Beach on September 16 with a central pressure of 929 millibars. The center passed near Lake Okeechobee, causing the lake to overflow its banks and inundate the surrounding area to a depth of 6 to 9 feet. An estimated 1,836 people died in Florida, primarily due to the lake surge. Damage to property was estimated at $25 million in Florida. September 3, 1935 [Labor Day Hurricane] This hurricane is one of the most severe hurricanes ever recorded in Florida. With winds more than 200 miles per hour, the storm passed over the Florida Keys on September 2 with a minimum barometric pressure of 26.35 inches. Three relief -work camps, inhabited by veterans of World War I, were destroyed. The American Red Cross estimates that 408 lives were lost. September 3, 1979, Hurricane David Hurricane David, a category 2 storm, made landfall north of Palm Beach and caused an estimated $476 million in damages. August 24, 1992, Hurricane Andrew Hurricane Andrew made a memorable landfall in South Miami -Dade County, causing estimated damages more than $26 billion in damages. Andrew produced approximately 7 inches of rain, sustained winds of 165 miles per hour, a maximum storm tide of 16 feet, and a total of 96 deaths (including Louisiana). In all, Andrew destroyed 25,000 homes and significantly damaged more than 100,000 others in South Florida. Two weeks after the hurricane, the U.S. military deployed nearly 22,000 troops to aid in the recovery efforts, the largest military rescue operation in U.S. history. When Hurricane Andrew hit southeast Miami -Dade County, flying debris in the storm's winds knocked out most ground -based wind measuring instruments, and widespread power outages caused electric -based measuring equipment to fail. The winds were so strong many wind -measuring tools were incapable of registering the maximum winds. Surviving wind observations and measurements from aircraft reconnaissance, surface pressure, satellite analysis, radar, and distribution of debris and structural failures were used to estimate the surface winds. Although originally classified as a Category 4 storm, extensive post -impact research led to the reclassification of Andrew as a Category 5 hurricane in 2002. September 2022 Page 1 118 BR,c AARD CpIJ NTY Braward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Augusts 2, 1995 Hurricane Erin Erin, a tropical storm in the central Bahamas, strengthened to minimal hurricane intensity, before moving ashore near Vero Beach. Erin moved across central Florida as a tropical storm then moved into the northeast Gulf of Mexico where it intensified to hurricane strength before moving ashore a final time near Pensacola. In southeast Florida maximum winds gusts were 37 knots at Miami Beach with the lowest pressure of 1000.9 millibars at West Palm Beach International Airport. An unscientific study estimated that lost productivity in Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties, caused by the approach of Erin, amounted to $200 million. November 5, 1998, Tropical Storm Mitch Tropical Storm Mitch, once a powerful Category 5 storm, crossed South Florida at Monroe and Palm Beach counties at tropical storm strength. The storm caused gusty winds, severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and beach erosion. Property damage was estimated at $30 million. September 13-22, 1999 Hurricane Floyd Hurricane Floyd was an enormous Category 4 storm that skirted the southeast Florida coast with minimal effects, mostly to marine interests. Most areas reported maximum sustained winds of 25 to 30 miles per hour, which caused very minor damage, mainly to trees and some utility lines. Rainfall amounts were unusually light with less than 112 inch reported at all official stations in South Florida. The storm surge ranged from 3.3 feet above normal in Palm Beach County to 1.5 feet above normal in Miami -Dade County, causing mostly minor beach erosion. Other marine damage occurred to sea walls and small boats. Floyd's unpredictable path led to the largest peacetime evacuation in U.S. history as over a million people sought refuge. Floyd did not make landfall in Florida, but created flooding, beach erosion, and resulted in nearly $68 million in property damages. October 15, 1999, Hurricane Irene Hurricane Irene was a Category 1 storm as it made landfall in Monroe and Miami -Dade counties, moving southwest to northeast. It moved northeast across central Miami -Dade and Broward counties before exiting into the Atlantic on October 16 near Jupiter in northeast Palm Beach County. The storm caused major flooding due to 9-18 inches of rainfall, beach erosion, and minor wind damages. Heavy rains and sustained winds of tropical storm force caused widespread flooding and power outages in the metropolitan areas of Broward County. 4 tornadoes touched down in Broward and Palm Beach counties, injuring 3 persons. Damage in southeast Florida, mainly from flooding is estimated near $600 million which includes $335 million in agricultural losses. An estimated 700,000 customers lost electricity. Flooding in a few residential areas lasted for a week displacing several hundred persons and isolating thousands more. Other long- term ecological repercussions may be experienced from the flooding rains such as the effects of high water on Everglade's hammocks, and the effects of excessive fresh -water runoff on estuaries. September 5, 2004, Hurricane Frances Hurricane Frances made landfall at Seawalls Point in Martin County as a Category 2 hurricane. Frances moved farther inland just north of Lake Okeechobee and weakened to a tropical storm before crossing the entire Florida Peninsula and exiting into the Gulf of Mexico just north of Tampa. The highest measured sustained wind at Fort Lauderdale - September 2022 Page 1 119 W.P."AARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Hollywood International Airport was 41 miles per hour with a peak gust of 55 miles per hour. The estimated storm surge ranged from 1-2 feet along the northeast Broward Coast. 2 vehicle -related deaths were reported in Broward County. Florida Power and Light (FPL) reported power outages occurred to 423,000 customers in Broward. An estimated 7,000 persons sought refuge in public shelters in Broward County. Wind damage to house roofs, mobile homes, trees, power lines, signs, screened enclosures, and outbuildings occurred over much of southeast Florida, but was greatest in Palm Beach County. Preliminary property damage in South Florida is estimated at $620 million, including $80 million in Broward County. September 26, 2004, Hurricane Jeanne Hurricane Jeanne made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near the south end of Hutchinson Island, nearly coincident with the landfall point of Hurricane Frances only 3 weeks before. After landfall Jeanne initially moved along a track like Frances, just north of Lake Okeechobee as it weakened to a tropical storm then it turned to the northwest and moved over the northwest Florida. Although slightly smaller and stronger than Hurricane Frances, winds and pressures over southeast Florida were remarkably like Frances. The estimated storm surge ranged from 1-2 feet along the northeast Broward Coast. Property damage from storm surge and winds at the coast occurred to condos, marinas, piers, seawalls, bridges, and docks, as well as to boats and a few coastal roadways. Preliminary property damage in southeast Florida is estimated at $330 million, including $50 million in Broward. Florida Power and Light reported outages occurred to 165,900 customers in Broward County. August 25, 2005, Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane along the southeast Florida coast. The center of the 25-mile-wide eye of Katrina made landfall near the Broward/Miami-Dade County border then moved toward the southwest across central and southwest Miami -Dade County, passing directly over the National Weather Service (NWS) Office in Sweetwater. Katrina weakened to a tropical storm before exiting the Florida peninsula into the Gulf of Mexico then quickly regained hurricane strength (and would later strike the Mississippi and Louisiana coast). Maximum sustained winds measured at the NWS Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) sites included 60 miles per hour at Fort Lauderdale -Hollywood International Airport. The maximum ASOS-measured peak wind gusts included 82 miles per hour at Fort Lauderda and other unofficial peak wind gust measurements included 92 miles per hour at Port Everglades. Mostly minor beach erosion and isolated incidence of coastal flooding were observed. Total damage in South Florida was estimated at around $100 million. Wind damage was mainly to vegetation, signs, and watercraft. Winds and flooding combined caused an estimated $423 million in losses to agriculture and nurseries. October 24, 2005, Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Wilma made landfall as a Category 3 storm on the southwest Florida coast between Everglades City and Cape Romano in Collier County. Wilma exhibited a very large 55- to 65-mile-wide eye while crossing the state, and the eye September 2022 Page 1 120 BWp,',WARa CQU[ p Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 covered large portions of South Florida, including most of Broward County with maximum sustained winds of 125 miles per hour and an estimated minimum central pressure of 950 millibars. The highest recorded gusts were in the 100-120 miles per hour range. An interesting and revealing aspect of Wilma was the wind field in the eye wall. The winds on the back (south/west) side of the eye wall were as strong, if not stronger, than those on the front (north/east) side. This goes against the common, but sometimes erroneous, belief that the strongest winds in a hurricane are always in the right -front quadrant of the storm. This occurred over much of South Florida, and likely contributed to the heavier damage across Broward and Palm Beach counties compared to slightly lesser damage across much of Miami -Dade and Collier counties. Wilma moved rapidly northeast across the state, with an average forward speed of 25 miles per hour, exiting the east coast over northeastern Palm Beach County near Palm Beach Gardens on the morning of October 24th as a Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of around 105 miles per hour. Damage was widespread, with large trees and power lines down virtually everywhere. Structural damage was heaviest in Broward and Palm Beach counties where roof damage and downed or split power poles were noted. The hurricane particularly affected older structures in downtown Ft. Lauderdale like the Broward County Courthouse, School Board Building, and other tall office buildings constructed before the post -Hurricane Andrew -era of more stringent wind protection standards, The glass facades of several downtown buildings, including the Templeton Building, were sheared off. Hurricane Wilma caused $20.6 billion worth of damage in Florida. October 5, 2016, Hurricane Matthew Hurricane Matthew was a powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since 2007. The thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season, Matthew wrought widespread destruction and catastrophic loss of life during its journey across the Western Atlantic. A total of 47 deaths have been attributed to the storm in Florida. Although Broward County did not take a direct hit from Matthew, 8,980 Florida Power and Light customers lost power as the storm passed to the east, and while damage was primarily confined to the coast, Matthew caused widespread debris and flooding. September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma was an extremely powerful Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread destruction across its path. Irma was the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the Leeward Islands on record, followed by Maria two weeks later. It was the ninth named storm, fourth hurricane, second major hurricane, and first Category 5 hurricane of the 2017 season. Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage, particularly in the Florida Keys, and was the first major hurricane to make landfall in Florida at since Wilma in 2005. Irma made landfall in Cudjoe Key at 1:00 PM on September 10 as a Category 4 with winds of 130 mph. After passing over land and reentering the Gulf of Mexico, it made another landfall in Marco Island as a weakened Category 3. Once Irma had moved inland, it began to accelerate to the north-northwest, while rapid weakening began to occur due to the increasing wind shear, land interaction, and dry air, with the storm falling below Category 3 intensity hours after landfall. Passing east of Tampa as a weakening Category 1 hurricane around 06:00 UTC on September 11, Irma continued to weaken as most of the deep convection became more spread out towards the northern semi -circle of the circulation — September 2022 page 1 121 BNX.MARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 though it retained a large wind field, with most of Florida experiencing gale -force winds. Broward County experienced Category 1-2 wind conditions and wave inundation of approximately 3 feet. Minor beach erosion occurred along the Broward County coastline. In addition, Broward County had 21 fatalities, the most of any county in Florida. Among those deaths were 12 people at a nursing home in Hollywood. The patients died from the heat worsened by a lack of air conditioning. October 10, 2018, Hurricane Michael Hurricane Michael was a very powerful and destructive cyclone that became the first Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States since Andrew in 1992. It was the third most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States in terms of pressure, behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969. Michael was the thirteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season. As it approached the Florida panhandle, it reached Category 5 status with peak winds of 161 mph and made landfall near Mexico Beach on October 10'n August 28, 2019, Hurricane Dorian Hurricane Dorian was an extremely powerful and catastrophic Category 5 Atlantic hurricane. It was also one of the most powerful hurricanes recorded in the Atlantic Ocean, with its winds peaking at 185 mph. Dorian was the fourth named storm, second hurricane, the first major hurricane, and the first Category 5 hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. In preparation for the storm, several states including Florida declared state of emergency. with many coastal counties issuing mandatory evacuation orders. After striking the Bahamas and weakening considerably, Dorian began moving northwestward on September 3, parallel to the east coast of Broward County. Dwindling in strength, the hurricane turned to the northeast the next day and made landfall on Cape Hatteras as a Category 2 on September 6. September 14, 2020, Hurricane Sally Hurricane Sally is remembered as a destructive and slow -moving Atlantic hurricane. It was the eighteenth named storm and the seventh hurricane of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. In South Florida including Broward County, heavy rain led to localized flash flooding. The area between Mobile, Alabama and Pensacola -Gulf Breeze, Florida were impacted the most severely with widespread wind damage, storm surge flooding, and over 30 inches of rainfall within a 48-hour period. September 23, 2022, Hurricane Ian Hurricane Ian was the third -costliest weather disaster on record, and the deadliest hurricane to strike Florida since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. It was the ninth named storm, the fourth hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season. Ian was the strongest hurricane to strike Florida since Hurricane Michael in 2018. It became a high - end Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds up to 155 mph early on September 28, while progressing towards the west coast of Florida. Ian made landfall just below peak intensity in southwest Florida on Cayo Costa Island. It was the 5th-strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in the contiguous United States. Ian caused 149 deaths in Florida and caused catastrophic damage with losses estimated to be $113 billion. -Much of the damage was from flooding brought about by a storm surge of 10-15 ft. The cities of Fort Myers, Cape Coral, and Naples were particularly hard hit, leaving millions without power and numerous inhabitants forced to climb to their roofs to escape the flood waters. Sanibel Island, Fort Myers Beach, and Pine Island were decimated by the storm surge, which destroyed nearly all standing structures and damaged both the Sanibel Causeway and the Matlacha Bride to Pine Island, September 2022 Page 1 122 BR;,U;WARD co{�� p Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 entrapping those left on the islands for several days. Across South Florida, peak winders were in the 45-70 mph range. A total of 13 reported tornadoes were spawned by Ian on Tuesday, September 2711 and early on Wednesday, September 281h as it was approaching the Southwest Florida coast. The strongest was an EF-2 in the Delray Beach area of Palm Beach County. In Broward County, Ian spawned at least two tornadoes, one of which damaged several aircraft at North Perry Airport. Total rainfall amounts from 8 AM on September 26�h to 8 AM on September 29`h ranged from 4-10 inches across southern Florida. The highest rainfall amounts occurred in the day or two leading up to Ian's landfall. The highest amount was over western metro Broward County, ranging from 8-10 inches. November 10, 2022, Hurricane Nicole After moving over Great Abaco and Grand Bahama islands, Hurricane Nicole turned to the northwest as it approached Florida. It made landfall on at 3 AM on November 101h south of Vero Beach as a Category 1 hurricane. Nicole's large wind field produced tropical storm force winds along the Southeast Florida Coast including Broward County. The highest sustained winds ranged from 40-45 mph across the coastal sections of Broward County, with a peak measured sustained wind of 43 mph at Dania Pier at 3:50 AM on November 9". The highest measured wind gust was 59 mph at Dania Pier at 10:15 PM on November 811. Wind damage was minor, and a total of 13,790 customers lost power across all of Broward County. Tidal flooding and beach erosion occurred from Miami -Dade County north through the Palm Beaches. Across Southeast Florida, total rainfall ranged from 3-5 inches. Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability of future tropical storm/hurricane events in Broward County is considered highly likely. According to statistical data provided by the National Hurricane Center, the annual probability of a hurricane and tropical storm affecting the area is between 48 and 54% per year. This empirical probability is consistent with other scientific studies and observed historical data made available through a variety of federal, state, and local sources. Additional data made available through NOAA indicate that the return period for a Category 3 hurricane in Broward County is between 9 and 15% per year. In the future Broward County could be expected to be hit by tropical storms/hurricanes with wind speeds up to 160 mph and storm surge with storm tide heights up to 9.5 feet and inundation depths up to 6.5 feet at Moffett StreeVNE 1411 Avenue in Hallandale Beach [from the 2010 Florida Statewide Regional Evacuation Study Program Storm Tlde Atlas for Broward]. Figure 4.10 shows for any location what the chance is that a tropical storm or hurricane will affect the area sometime during the Atlantic hurricane season. This illustration was created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division using data from 1944 to 1999 and counting hits when a storm or hurricane was within approximately 100 miles (165 km) of each location. September 2022 Page 1 123 BWY' NW D COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.10: Empirical Probability of a Named Hurricane or Tropical Storm R 17 tR 74 .M 38 47 4R .94 RO Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hurricane Research Division Table 4.17 profiles the potential peak gust wind speeds in miles per hour (MPH) that could be expected in Broward County during a hurricane event for various return periods. Table 4.16: Average Jurisdiction Coconut Creek Expected Hurricane Wind Speeds (Peak Gust) PeriodsWind Speed [MPH] vs. Return 85 103 120 131 140 by Jurisdiction 152 161 Cooper Ci 85 103 121 132 142 154 162 Coral Springs 85 102 120 131 140 152 161 CountV Reqional Facility 85 103 121 132 142 154 163 Dania Beach 85 104 122 132 143 155 164 Davie 85 103 121 132 142 154 162 Deerfield Beach 86 103 120 131 141 154 162 Fort Lauderdale 81 104 121 132 142 154 163 Hallandale Beach 86 1 104 122 133 143 156 165 Hillsboro Beach 87 104 122 133 142 155 164 Hollywood 85 104 122 133 143 155 164 Lauderdale -By -The -Sea 86 104 121 133 142 155 163 September 2022 Page 1 124 BWO,',1NARD CauNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Lauderdale Lakes 85 103 121 131 141 154 162 Lauderhill 85 103 120 131 141 153 162 Lazy Lake 86 104 121 132 142 155 163 Lighthouse Point 86 104 121 132 142 155 164 Margate 85 103 120 131 140 1 153 161 Miramar 85 103 121 133 142 155 164 North Lauderdale 85 103 120 131 141 153 161 Oakland Park 85 103 121 132 142 154 162 Parkland 85 102 120 131 140 152 160 Pembroke Park 85 104 122 133 143 156 165 Pembroke Pines 85 103 121 132 142 155 163 Plantation 85 103 121 131 141 153 162 Pom ano Beach 86 103 121 132 141 154 163 Sea Ranch Lakes 86 104 122 133 143 155 164 Seminole Tribe of Florida 85 103 121 132 142 154 163 Southwest Ranches 85 103 120 131 141 153 161 Sunrise 85 103 120 131 141 153 161 Tamarac 85 103 120 131 141 153 161 Broward Municipal Services Districts 85 103 120 131 141 153 161 West Park 85 104 1 122 133 1 1437 156 165 Weston 85 102 120 131 140 1 152 1 160 Wilton Manors 85 103 121 132 142 1 154 1 163 Source: Haws-MH MR5 Scenario Based on Hurricane Wilma Vulnerability Assessment Two methods were utilized to estimate potential losses caused by tropical cyclones. Hazus-MH was utilized to conduct a loss estimation analysis for hurricane wind, while a separate OIS-based analysis was completed for storm surge inundation using NOAA's SLOSH data in combination with Broward County's local tax assessor records. These analyses are more thoroughly described earlier in this section under "risk assessment methods," and the results are provided below. See Appendix J for information on housing vulnerability to hurricane wind. Hurricane Wind Hazus-MH wind speed data, inventory and damage functions, and methodology were used to determine the annual expected losses due to hurricane wind. Table 4.18 shows annualized property losses and annualized percent loss ratios by jurisdiction. September 2022 page 1 125 BR c,' N D COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.17: Potential Annualized Losses by Jurisdiction (Hurricane Wind) Coconut Creek $3,061,603,270 $20,077,953 $2,701,953 $22,779,906 0.850/0 Cooper Ci $1,943,657,150 $14283,112 $945406 $15,228,518 0.850/0 Coral S rin s $8,134,798,700 $50,443,6BB $58,811,868 $59,255,556 0.81% Dania Beach $1,878,435,580 $11,253,369 $4,220,747 $15,474,116 1.02% Davie $6,711,031,880 $53,307,442 $6,752,467 $60,059,909 1.05% Deerfield Beach $5,161,599,440 $29,645,076 $5,872,001 $35,517,077 0.85% Fort Lauderdale $22,130 694,710 $131,927,103 $37,961,493 $169 888,596 0.88% Hallandale Beach $3,836 691,130 $38 926,804 $3,890,859 $42,817 663 1.16%, Hillsboro Beach $810,574,300 $9378,275 $81,263 $9,459,538 1.17% Hol $10,029,588,340 $65 836,859 $13 482,769 $79,319,628 0.91% Lauderdale -By -The -Sea $1,739,928,950 $16,193,293 $806,623 $16,999,916 0.98%- Lauderdale Lakes $1,152,461,750 $7,078,126 $1,087,491 $8,165,617 0.85% Lauderhill $2,492,601,430 $16,717,939 $1,905,096 $17,623,035 0.83% Lazy Lake $4,107,550 $32,860 $0 $32,860 0.80% Lighthouse Point $1,261,700,120 $10,140,074 $730,255 $10,870,329 0.87% Margate $2 296,212 030 $12,990,439 $2,155,018 $15,145,457 0.74% Miramar $7 475 638 380 $64,704,961 $6,742,450 $71,447,411 1.07% North Lauderdale $1,260,435,790 $8,191,643 $872,629 $9 064,272 0.83% Oakland Park $2,473,754 560 $12,110,730 $3,279 496 $15,390,226 0.79% Parkland $2,682,321,260 $21,170,976 $426,482 $21,597,458 0.86% Pembroke Park $404,154,300 $1,362,551 $513,828 $1,876,379 1.12% Pembroke Pines $10,247,846,250 $83,973,781 $11,133,727 $95,107,508 1.00% Plantation $6,803,128,100 $41,173,210 $9,405.538 $50,578,748 0.82% Pompano Beach $8,981,181420 $53,315,183 $7,475,290 $60 790,473 0.88% Sea Ranch Lakes $110,763 020 $927,402 $113,770 $1,041,172 0.94% Southwest Ranches $890,133,450 $7,821,244 $324,963 $8,146,207 1.11% Sunrise $5,308,400,300 $24,191,394 $10,316,132 $34,507,526 0.80% Tamarac $3,283,696 510 $20,394 375 $2,363 439 $22,757,814 0.76% Broward Municipal Services Districts $1,106,396,610 $3,155,168 $1,911,498 $5,066,666 0.98% West Park $331,537,990 $1,848,026 $364,252 $2,212,278 0.84% Weston $6,490,572,820 $60,142,219 $5,392,299 $65,534,518 1.09% Wilton Manors $941,493,080 $6,845,365 $940,569 $7,785,934 0.82% TOTAL $131437140170 $898 560 640 $152 981671 $1051542 311 0.92% Source: Broward County Property Appraiser and Hazus-MH MR2, FEMA's National Risk Index, 2022 According to FEMA's National Risk Index, the Expected Annual Loss from hurricanes in Broward County is $9.9M, with a total exposure of $13T. While the Historic Loss Ratio is Very Low, Broward September 2022 Page 1 126 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 County's Expected Annual Risk Score for hurricanes is Relatively High at 26.68. The Risk Index Score for hurricanes is 28.91. Future Risk Conditions Influencing Hurricane Wind Speeds Climate change will have an impact on future hurricane wind speeds. While the impacts of sea level rise are discussed in greater detail in a subsection dedicated to this subject in Chapter 4, the following results of climate change and sea level rise, will impact storm surge levels in Broward County. In conclusion, the impacts of climate change will likely exacerbate the severity of future hurricane events. One interesting factor from the 2011 SFWMD report is that, due to increased wind shear over the Atlantic basin, that the number of tropical storms and hurricanes may decrease 6-34%. Storm Surge The level of exposure and potential loss estimates for storm surge were generated based on inundation zones derived from the 2014 NOAA SLOSH data described earlier in this section (and shown in Map 4.9) in combination with Broward County's geo-referenced parcel data and tax assessor records. To complete the analysis, every individual land parcel that is located wholly or partially within a storm surge inundation zone for a Category 3 storm event was identified, by jurisdiction, This analysis is intended for use as a general planning tool to provide reasonable estimates of potential at -risk properties using best available geo-referenced data. It is important to note that while using best readily available data, this GIS-based assessment does not consider certain unknown site -specific factors that may mitigate future storm surge losses on a building - by -building basis (such as elevation, surrounding topography, flood -proofing measures, structural projects, etc.). The objective of the GIS-based analysis is to calculate the total building value of all potentially at - risk properties in Broward County, by jurisdiction. Annualized loss estimates were then calculated based on the assumption of total building loss (worst case scenario) for those properties expected to be inundated during a Category 3 storm event based on the NOAA SLOSH data. In so doing, total exposed building value for each jurisdiction was multiplied by .09 (9% annual chance for Category 3 hurricane based on NOAA probability data-). The results of the GIS-based storm surge analysis for Broward County are provided in Table 4.18. Future Risk Conditions Influencing Storm Surge Levels The impacts of climate change and the associated sea level rise will have considerable impact on future storm surge levels. While the impacts of sea level rise are discussed in greater detail in a subsection dedicated to this subject later in Chapter 4, the following results of climate change and sea level rise, as documented by the 2011 SFWMD report, will impact storm surge levels in Broward County: 7 While NOAA probability data indicate the annual percent chance of s Category 3 event in Broward County is between 9 and 15%, the lower figure of 9% was utilized based on the lower likelihood of all co ndi lions (storm direction and speed. tidal cycle, etc,) necessary for what would he considered a maxlnauln "worst case" slornl surge event_ 5epternber 2022 page j 127 BW,c?1NARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 • Inundation of coastal properties by higher sea level and reduced effectiveness of existing storm surge barriers in Broward County • Higher storm surge levels In conclusion, the impacts of climate change, global warming, and sea level rise will likely exacerbate the severity of future storm surge events. Thus, this hazard is considered highly likely to occur. Additional factors that could mitigate storm surge include the construction of additional structures on the canal system closer to the Atlantic Ocean that would block even more inland storm surge penetration via the canals. One interesting factor from the 2011 SFWMD report is that, due to increased wind shear over the Atlantic basin, that the number of tropical storms and hurricanes may decrease 6-34%. For more information about climate change, refer to the "Sea Level Rise/Climate Change" part in this section (starting p.138) and the Economic Hot Spot Profiles of Chapter 5. Table 4.18: Total Building Value of At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction (Based upon Cooper City 0 $0.00 $0.00 Coral Springs 0 $0.00 $0.00 Dania Beach 984 $709,977,650.00 $63,897,988.50 Davie 246 $982,643,980.00 $88,437,958.20 Deerfield Beach 648 $251,459,500.00 $22,631,355.00 Fort Lauderdale 9900 $10,535,176,680.00 $948,165,901.20 Hallandale Beach 1080 $714,584,710.00 $64,312,623.90 Hillsboro Beach 75 $239,122,050.00 $21,520,984.50 Hollywood 3018 $2,262,823,000.00 $203,654,070.00 Lauderdale -By -The -Sea 620 $287,203,020.00 $25,848,271.80 Lauderdale Lakes 1 $13,711,430.00 $1,234,028.70 Lauderhill 9 $26,876,130.00 $2,418,851.70 Lary Lake 0 $0.00 $0.00 Lighthouse Point 1870 $1,119,906,350.00 $100,791,571.50 Margate 0 $0.00 $0.00 Miramar 0 $0.00 $0.00 North Lauderdale 0 $0.00 $0.00 Oakland Park 996 $393,705,300.00 $35,433,477.00 Parkland 0 $0.00 $0.00 Pembroke Park 13 $41,521,890.00 $3,736,970.10 Pembroke Pines 0 1 $0.00 $0.00 Plantation 26 1 $49,479,510.00 $4,453,155.90 September 2022 Page 1 128 Bwp'mRD Chi p Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Jurisdiction Number of At -Risk Properties Total Building Value $1,511,731,930.00 Annualized Loss Estimate Pompano Beach 4040 $136,055,873.70 Sea Ranch Lakes 90 $88,171,610.00 $7,935,444.90 Southwest Ranches 0 $0.00 $0.00 Sunrise 0 $0.00 $0.00 Tamarac 6 $554,410.00 $49,896.90 Broward Municipal Services Districts 31 $1,286,029,070.00 $115,742,616.30 West Park 0 $0.00 $0.00 Weston 0 $0.00 $0.00 Wilton Manors 1300 $514,007,610,00 $46,260,684.90 TOTAL 24953 $21,028,685,830.00 $1,892,581,724.70 Sources: Broward County Properly Appraiser GIS; July 2017 download of NOAA SLOSH Model Data Hydrologic Hazards For the purposes of this vulnerability assessment hydrologic hazards are defined as events or incidents associated with water related damage. Hydrologic hazards account for over 75% of Federal disaster declarations in the United States, with annual costs averaging billions of dollars. Hydrologic hazards included in this section are coastal erosion, drought, flood, and rip current. Coastal Erosion Background Coastal erosion is measured as the rate of change in the position of the shoreline or a reduction in the volume of sand along a shoreline over a period. The root cause of beach erosion is a deficit of sand in the littoral system (region between the limits of high and low tides), caused by development on or adjacent to beaches, removal of dunes, damming of rivers, and/or blockage of the alongshore movement of sand by groins, jetties, or stabilized inlets. Significant short-term fluctuations of shoreline position and sand volume can result from storms -driven waves, but chronic erosion is an effect of a shortage of sand combined with storms and disruption of sand movement. Natural recovery from erosion can take months or years, and in a sand -starved beach system, may never occur. If a beach and dune system does not recover naturally, coastal and upland property may be exposed to further damage in subsequent storm events. Death and injury are not often associated with coastal erosion; however, it can cause the destruction of buildings and infrastructure. Most Broward County beaches are subject to periodic beach renourishment, which is the mechanical infusion of sand from sources relatively remote from the beach. Historically, the County's beach renourishment program is a partnership of local government, the State of Florida, and the Federal Government through the US Army Corps of Engineers. Since 1970, nearly 11 million cubic yards of sand has been placed on approximately 12 of the County's 24 miles of September 2022 Page 1 129 BWO.' WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 beach in 10 partnered projects. Broward County's shoreline is fully developed, with little of the original dune systems intact. The County strives to maintain a berm (beach) width of approximately 50-100 feet, which provides the minimally adequate level of both recreational beach space and storm wave protection for upland development. The beach is subject to 2 types of weather hazards: northeasterly low-pressure systems (nor'easters) and tropical systems. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection has estimated that 21.3 of the 24 miles of Broward County's beaches are critically eroded.8 Three critical erosion areas (21.3 miles) are specifically identified. Segment I: The south end of Deerfield Beach and the entire Town of Hillsboro Beach along northern Broward County is a 3.2 mile long critically eroded area (R6-R23). Private development is vulnerable throughout this area. Some seawalls exist in Hillsboro Beach and a boulder mound groin field exists along the Deerfield Beach shoreline. In 2011, the cities of Hillsboro Beach and Deerfield Beach completed a beach renourishment project for the southern 500 feet of Deerfield Beach and the northern 5,750 feet for Hillsboro Beach. The "Hillsboro -Deerfield Beach Renourishment Project" placed 340,000 cubic yards of sand on these beaches.9 2. Segment II: South of Hillsboro Inlet and extending for 10 miles along Pompano Beach, Sea Ranch Lakes, Lauderdale -By -The -Sea, and Ft. Lauderdale is a continuous critically eroded area (R25-R77) that threatens development and recreational interests including State Road A1A. A beach restoration project has been constructed at Pompano Beach and Lauderdale -By -The -Sea, and inlet sand transfer is ongoing at Hillsboro Inlet. Numerous bulkheads and retaining walls also exist along this stretch of coast. 3. The Segment II Renourishment Project was completed in 2016. Approximately 750,000 cubic yards sand was delivered between Hillsboro Inlet and Broward County's Port Everglades with sand placement along 4.9 miles of shoreline. The renourishment focused on Lauderdale -by -the -Sea, Pompano Beach, and Fort Lauderdale beaches to restore the beaches and increase protection to shoreline, upland development from potential storms. 4. Segment III: Along the southern beaches of Broward County starting just south of the entrance to Port Everglades are critically eroded areas (R86-R128) that threaten recreational interests at John U. Lloyd State Park and development and recreational interests along the communities of Dania Beach, Hollywood, and Hallandale Beach. "Segment III of the Broward County Beach Erosion Control Project', which was completed in 2006 with sand placement along 6.2 miles of beaches from the Broward County line in Hallandale Beach to the John Lloyd State Park. The project also included the cities of 9 www.townofhillsborobeach.com September 2022 Page 1 130 BR;c�'VVARD CDU�17Y Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Hollywood and Dania Beach and involved the placement of 1.7 million cubic yards of sand-" 5. Segment It and Segment Ili reaches were approved far restoration by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as Flood Control & Coastal Emergency FCCE projects following the impacts of Hurricane Irma in 2017. Restoration of Segment II was completed Spring 2022 with placement of approximately 394,400 cubic yards of sand material. Restoration of Segment III commenced in 2021 with completion anticipated in 2024. This project includes approximately 884,000 cubic yards of sand placement along Segment III coastline. Historical Occurrences According to the National Climatic Data Center, there were 11 major climatological incidents that resulted in beach erosion in eighteen years, between 1998 and 2016. Broward County's beaches are more susceptible to erosion during nor'easter storm season and hurricane season, which run from October 1 to March 31 and June 1 to November 30, respectively. Most of the historical occurrences of tropical systems have been in September or November, with nor'easters common during the period November through March. Some of the more notable historical events are described below: November 1998 Tropical Storm Mitch Tropical Storm Mitch, once a powerful Category 5 storm, crossed South Florida at Monroe and Palm Beach counties at tropical storm strength. The storm caused gusty winds, severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and beach erosion. September 13-22, 1999 Hurricane Floyd Hurricane Floyd was an enormous Category 4 storm that skirted the southeast Florida coast with minimal effects, mostly to marine interests. The storm surge ranged from 3.3 feet above normal in Palm Beach County to 1.5 feet above normal in Miami -Dade County, causing mostly coastal flooding and minor beach erosion. November 2001 Coastal Flooding resulting from Hurricane Michelle Nearly a week of moderate to strong onshore winds, culminating with the approach of Hurricane Michelle, produced coastal flooding from Hollywood Beach to Hallandale Beach. Beach erosion in Broward, Palm Beach, and Miami -Dade counties during the entire event was moderate to locally severe. Costs for remedlatlon of beach erosion from the event were estimated at over $10 million, and property damage was estimated at $20,000. September 5, 2004, Hurricane Frances Hurricane Frances made landfall at Sewall's Point in Martin County as a Category 2 hurricane. Frances moved farther inland just north of Lake Okeechobee and weakened to a tropical storm before Grossing the entire Florida Peninsula and exiting into the Gulf of Mexico just north of Tampa. The estimated storm surge ranged from 1-2 feet along the northeast Broward Coast, resulting in beach erosion. 10 www.broward.org/beachrenourishment September 2022 Page 1 131 F L O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 September 26, 2004, Hurricane Jeanne Hurricane Jeanne made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near the south end of Hutchinson Island, nearly coincident with the landfall point of Hurricane Frances nearly three weeks before. The estimated storm surge ranged from 1-2 feet along the northeast Broward Coast, resulting in beach erosion. 2004 Nor'easter Nor'easter caused beach erosion in Broward County. August 25, 2005, Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane along the southeast Florida coast. Mostly minor beach erosion and isolated incidence of coastal flooding were observed. October 24, 2005, Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Wilma made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on the southwest Florida coast, traversing west to east and covering most of Broward County. Minor to moderate beach erosion occurred along the Broward County coastline. October 28, 2012, Hurricane Sandy Hurricane Sandy passed by South Florida as a Category 1 hurricane, through the Bahama islands. Although Sandy did not make landfall in Florida, the storm caused great tidal swells along the coastline of Broward County. These swells caused beach erosion and large-scale flooding along A1A highway, causing A1A's collapse and subsequent restoration project. September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma made landfall made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane at the Florida Keys, moving north on the west coast of Florida. Broward County experienced Category 1/2 wind conditions and wave inundation of approximately 3 feet. Minor beach erosion occurred along the Broward County coastline. Probability and Extent of Future Occurrences The probability of future erosion along the Broward County coastline is considered "highly likely' due to a chronic scarcity of sand in the littoral system. Beaches in Hallandale Beach, Hollywood, Dania Beach, Lauderdale -By -The -Sea, and Pompano Beach have historically participated in federal, state, and locally cost -shared beach nourishment programs, and other beaches, such as Deerfield Beach and the Town of Hillsboro Beach, have conducted small-scale beach fill projects using municipal, state, and federal funds. In the future, Broward County could be expected to engage in more frequent, smaller scale beach re -nourishment projects approximately every 4-5 years, anticipating the need for more frequent beach supplement than provided by the typical design life of historic projects. Additionally, the potential in future construction of a sand bypass system at Port Everglades inlet will promote the natural transport of sand along the County's shoreline. Rates of erosion vary greatly amongst different parts of the Broward coastline and would be impossible to summarize. September 2022 Page 1 132 8 ."AARD couNTY Future Risk Conditions Influencing Coastal Erosion Rates Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The impacts of climate change and the attendant sea level rise will have a significant impact on future coastal erosion rates due to the following likely factors of future sea levels and coastal storms: ■ Inundation of coastal properties by higher sea level and likely overtopping and submersion of existing coastal erosion control structures • Higher storm surge levels Vulnerability Analysis Most of Broward County's 24 miles of coastline are vulnerable to erosion. There are 3 specific areas in Broward County that are critically eroded: 1) the south end of Deerfield Beach and the entire Town of Hillsboro Beach, 2) the area south of Hillsboro Inlet and extending for 10 miles along Pompano Beach, Sea Ranch Lakes, Lauderdale -By -The -Sea, and Ft. Lauderdale, and 3) the area along the southern 8.1 miles of Broward County south of Port Everglades. Many Broward County beaches are actively eroding, while others are relatively stable but of inadequate dimensions to provide storm protection and recreational beach space. Factors which contribute to the vulnerable condition of the County's beaches include the unmitigated erosive influence of stabilized inlets, encroaching development, storms, and removal of historic dunes. To address this vulnerability, Broward County has been engaged in shore protection and beach nourishment efforts since the early 1960's. These projects, mostly funded by a partnership of federal, state, and local government agencies, have performed as designed, in most cases exceeding their design life of 10 to 12 years. The current Broward County Beach Management Program is a comprehensive plan to replace beach sand where it is needed, to stabilize with structures the most erosive stretch of beach, and, by means of inlet sand bypassing, to "feed" those beaches which are sand starved because of the presence of stabilized inlets. Restoring the historical southward migration of sand, in combination with the other elements of the program, will reduce the extent and frequency of beach nourishment projects and provide a nearly sustainable beach many miles downstream, especially in the Broward communities of Dania Beach, Hollywood, and Hallandale Beach. Prior studies conducted for predecessors of the County's Natural Resource Division have identified the economic rationale for engaging in shore protection and beach nourishment activities. There are also environmental benefits as the beaches are also a primary nesting ground for threatened and endangered sea turtles and are an important habitat for several plant and animal species. Economically, according to prior studies, beaches are critical to Broward County considering the following factors: • Broward's beaches attract 7.2 million visitors a year, who spend $422 million annually in Broward County. • Broward's beaches contribute $548 million annually to Broward County's economy, including the creation and sustenance of 17,700 full-time equivalent }obs in the County. • Broward's beaches add $1.4 billion to County property values. • As a result of the beaches, local government tax revenues are increased by $29 million annually, of which the largest beneficiary is the Broward School District, which collects about $10 million annually because of the beaches. September 2022 Page 1 133 BR,"O.OW cARD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 • Broward's beaches result in an $803 million annual input to southeast Florida regional economy and create 26,000 jobs in the region. • Out -of -State visitors to Broward's beaches have a $598 million annual impact on the economy of the State of Florida, create 19,000 jobs in the state, and produce $19 million in annual state tax revenues. • More than 60% of overnight tourists said that they would not have come to Broward County if there were no beaches, and a further 14.3% said they would come less frequently. • Broward's beaches protect over $4 billion in upland property, structures, and infrastructure. • In Florida, beaches protect $150 billion in shorefront structures and infrastructure. • Florida's beaches alone result in an annual increase of about a half billion dollars annually in Federal income tax revenues. • Florida's beaches attract 2 million international tourists, who spend about $1.1 billion annually in the state. Drought The likelihood that Broward County will experience a severe Drought is determined by the climatological conditions that are present. Due to the hazard of heat impact and an absence of rainfall, Broward could experience a severe Drought event. However, the four South Florida counties, in partnership with the South Florida Water Management District, have contingency plans to meet this challenge should it occur. Background Drought is a natural climatic condition caused by an extended period of limited rainfall beyond that which occurs naturally in a broad geographic area. High temperatures, high winds, and low humidity can worsen drought conditions, and can make areas more susceptible to wildfire. Human demands and actions can also hasten drought -related impacts. Droughts are frequently classified as one of following 4 types: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, or socio-economic. Meteorological droughts are typically defined by the level of "dryness" when compared to an average, or normal amount of precipitation over a given period. Agricultural droughts relate common characteristics of drought to their specific agricultural -related impacts. Hydrological drought is directly related to the effect of precipitation shortfalls on surface and groundwater supplies. Human factors, particularly changes in land use, can alter the hydrologic characteristics of a basin. Socio-economic drought is the result of water shortages that limit the ability to supply water -dependent products in the marketplace. Figure 4.11 shows the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) Summary Map for the United States from 1895 to 1995. PDSI drought classifications are based on observed drought conditions and range from -0.5 (incipient dry spell) to -4.0 (extreme drought). As can be seen, the Eastern United States has historically not seen as many significant long-term droughts as the Central and Western regions of the country. September 2022 Page 1 134 ARD CdUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2922 Figure 4.11: Palmer Drought Severity Index Summary Map for the United States Palmer Drought Index Long -Term (Meteorological) Conditions National Climatic Data Center, NOAA based on data provided by the Climale Prediction Cower. NDAA extreme severe moderate mid- moderately wry exireRialjl drought draught drought range moll.: pnedat moist -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.99 •2.00 ♦3.00 r4.00 and to to to tc to and below 3.99 2.39 +1.99 .2.99 a3.99 above Source: National Climatic Data Center, NDAA Drought typically impacts a large area that cannot be confined to any geographic boundaries; however, some regions of the United States are more susceptible to drought conditions than others. According to the 2017 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) Summary Map for the United States, South Florida is in a zone less than or equal to -2.9 (-2.9 indicating moderate drought conditions) meaning that moderate drought conditions are a relatively low to moderate risk for Broward County. Drought conditions typically do not cause significant damage to the built environment, but rather drought effects are most directly felt by agricultural sectors. At times, drought may also cause community -wide impacts because of acute water shortages (regulatory use restrictions, drinking water supply, and saltwater intrusion). There are a few agricultural areas in the county that have greater exposure to drought. According to the Broward County Property Appraiser data, the areas with the most agricultural land use were the municipalities of Parkland, Coconut Creek, and Southwest Ranches, as well as south of Weston and west of Cooper City. According to the Florida Department of Agriculture, there are September 2022 Page 1 135 BK)UM RD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 2,507 open acres and over 2.7 million greenhouse acres used for horticulture purposes. In urban Broward County, horticulture dominates the commercial agricultural production. Nursery production, landscape installation, landscape maintenance, and arboriculture account for over $200 million in annual sales. Hundreds of firms employ thousands of individuals." Water shortages during times of drought (and the degree of regulatory use restrictions) can have a potentially significant impact throughout Broward County and possibly higher economic costs for water supply. As a secondary effect, drought events increase the threat of wildfire in South Florida (and particularly the Everglades) which can also cause serious consequences, including the destruction of property. Historical Occurrences South Florida relies on its summer rains for its year-round water demands. According to the State of Florida Mitigation Plan, there have been 10 drought cycles in Florida (typically 2-year periods) since the year 1900. In Central and South Florida, severe droughts were reported in 1932, 1955- 1957, 1961-1963, 1971-1972, 1973-1974, 1980-1982, 1985, 1988-1989, 1990, 2000-2001, 2006-2007, 2008-2009, and 2010-2011. According to the National Drought Mitigation Center, from January 1, 1850, to September 19, 2007, there were 134 reported drought impacts for Broward County. There were 17 agricultural, 34 fire, 32 water/energy, 18 social, and 21 other specific drought impacts. However, according to FEMA's National Risk Index, the Risk Index for Drought in Broward County as of 2022 is designated Relatively Low with a score of 7.99. Also, according to the Index, the Expected Annual Loss Score for drought is 7.04. Throughout a drought cycle in South Florida in 2000- '''$y'"°Dro"o"'°deR7 2'"-01 2001 rainfall amounts fell 30% below normal. During this afti time, Lake Okeechobee (Florida's largest source of fresh drinking water) set daily record -breaking lows. Similarly, groundwater levels declined and there were periods when below -average levels were reached across the region. In September 2000, the water shortage was becoming a threat to agricultural, environmental, and utilities' needs. In these times of drought, the use of well water for crop irrigation lowers -' ..,.«.....•.,..r.._.,..a...... the water table, which exposes the water table to saltwater intrusion and a serious compromise of The severity of the 2000-2001 drought in drinking water supplies. Based on their concerns and on South Florida is highlighted in this static map the precipitation forecast, the South Florida Water of the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (April 24, Management District (SFWMD) activated their 2001). Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to respond to the emergency situations more effectively. It operated approximately 12 hours a day and remained activated until July 2001. During 2006 to 2007 Broward County experienced extreme drought conditions. According to the Florida Department of Agriculture, drought caused $100 million in crop damage and economic losses to Florida during this period, and the figure could rise tenfold over the next 2 years. On August 1, 2007, the lake level of Lake Okeechobee was 9.20 feet above sea level. This was the 11 Broward County Extension. September 2022 Page 1 136 BWP,,,WARD c�uNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 lowest level ever recorded during most of the 41 years between 1965 and 2005. Water levels were so low that chloride levels have been a concern in sentinel monitoring wells near well -fields in Hallandale Beach and Dania Beach. The five -month period from November 2008 to April 2009 was the second driest on record for most South Florida locations. The driest winter on record over many locations in southeast Florida led to the onset of severe drought (D2) conditions. The level of Lake Okeechobee fell from 12.2 feet at the beginning of the month to 11.1 feet by the end of the month, which was 2.5 feet below normal levels. Normal conditions began to resume with the onset of the rainy season by the end of May 2009. Continued dry weather from January -April 2011, coupled with long-term dryness going back to the previous summer, led to the expansion of severe drought conditions over South Florida. The period of October 2010 to February 2011 was the driest on record in the 80-year history of the SFWMD's records, This led to the continuation of extreme drought conditions (D3) over the eastern half of the peninsula. Underground water levels were in the lowest 10% of normal levels along the east coast and 10 to 30% of normal over interior and west coast areas. The level of Lake ❑keechobee fell from 12.15 at the beginning of the month to 11.66 by the end of the month. This was about 2.5 feet below normal for April. Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability of future drought events in Broward'N-�ry'p County and South Florida is considered likely although such occurrences are typically not classified as severe in comparison to other regions. The effects, if any, of ,.,T drought events on Broward County will depend on the severity and duration of drought conditions, water - shortages, and the degree of regulatory water use. }s µ restrictions. For a drought forecast for a future year, check the National Climatic Data Center website. Based P. on historical records, Broward County, in the future could — `.., be expected to be impacted by a drought ranging from N severe to extreme every 10 years. As noted in the Climate Change section, the pattern of drought may change in the future. Any new historical trends should be addressed in future updates. Future Risk Conditions Influencing Drought The impacts of climate change, specifically the warming of the planet, will likely exacerbate the length and intensity of drought periods. Fluctuations between periods of greater than average and lesser than average rainfall are expected. Therefore, drought will continue to be a factor in the future and climate change will likely exacerbate cyclical drought conditions. The main impact for the County will be minimizing impacts to the public water supply and natural resources. Vulnerability Assessment To analyze the risk of the Broward County area to drought and estimate potential losses, 100 years of statistical data from the University of Nebraska was used (this data was developed by 5entember 2022 Page 1 137 BKO,#A COUNTY D Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 the University based on Palmer Drought and Crop Severity Indices) as well as 2002 USDA agriculture data. A drought event frequency -impact was then developed to determine a drought impact profile on non -irrigated agriculture products and estimate potential losses due to drought in the area. Table 4.20 shows annualized expected exposure to drought for Broward County. Tahip d_19- Annualized Expected Agricultural Product Market Value Exposed to Drought *Negligible is less than $5,000 Source: 2022 FEMA National Risk Index Note: Total includes all incorporated jurisdictions within the County Flood Background Flooding is the most frequent and costly natural hazard in the United States, a hazard that has caused more than 10,000 deaths since 1900. Nearly 90% of presidential disaster declarations result from natural events where flooding was a major component. Floods are generally the result of excessive precipitation and can be classified under two categories: general floods, precipitation over a given river basin for a long period of time along with storm -induced wave or tidal action, and flash floods, the product of heavy localized precipitation in a short time over a given location. The severity of a flooding event is typically determined by a combination of several major factors including stream and river basin topography and physiography; precipitation and weather patterns; recent soil moisture conditions; and the degree of vegetative clearing and impervious surface. Generally, inland floods in South Florida may last for several days due to a relative lack of topography to drain flood waters, heavy urbanization, and impacts of tides on outfall toward the Atlantic Ocean. The primary types of general flooding include riverine, coastal, and urban flooding. Riverine flooding is a function of excessive precipitation levels and water runoff volumes within the watershed of a stream or river. Coastal flooding12 is typically a result of storm surge, wind - driven waves, and heavy rainfall produced by hurricanes, tropical storms, and other large coastal storms. Urban flooding occurs where manmade development has obstructed the natural flow of water and decreased the ability of natural groundcover to absorb and retain surface water runoff. Most flash flooding is caused by slow -moving thunderstorms in a local area or by heavy rains associated with hurricanes and tropical storms. However, flash flooding events may also occur 12 While briefly mentioned here, coastal flooding is more thoroughly addressed under the Tropical Cyclone" hazard. September 2022 Page 1 138 BI�',crWARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 from a dam or levee failure within minutes or hours of heavy amounts of rainfall, or from a sudden release of water held by a retention basin or other stormwater control facility. Although flash flooding occurs most often along mountain streams, it is also common in urbanized areas where much of the ground is covered by impervious surfaces. The periodic flooding of lands adjacent to rivers, streams, and shorelines (land known as floodplain) is a natural and inevitable occurrence that can be expected to take place based upon established recurrence intervals. The recurrence interval of a flood is defined as the average time interval, in years, expected between a flood event of a particular magnitude and an equal or larger flood. Flood magnitude increases with increasing recurrence interval. Floodplains are designated by the frequency of the flood that is large enough to cover them. For example, the 10-year flood plain will be covered by the 10-year flood and the 100-year floodplain by the 100-year flood. Flood frequencies such as the 100-year flood are determined by plotting a graph of the size of all known floods for an area and determining how often floods of a particular size occur. Another way of expressing the flood frequency is the chance of occurrence each year, which is the percentage of the probability of flooding each year. For example, the 100-year flood has a 1 % chance of occurring in any given year. The 500-year flood has a 0.2% chance of occurring in any given year. Location and Spatial Extent Much of Broward County is susceptible to localized flooding, particularly during the rainy season of June through October. The county is surrounded by and interspersed with man-made canals, storm water management lakes, freshwater ponds, rivers such as the Middle and the New Rivers, the Everglades, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Intracoastal Waterway. There are 7 primary canals and numerous secondary and tertiary canals that provide flood control and water supply protection for the area's enormous growth and development. Stormwater management ponds are also used for flood protection as well as stormwater treatment and are created by removing rock to build up the surrounding land for homes. The western portion of Broward County has undergone significant development over the last 25 to 30 years which has resulted in the filling of wetlands to accommodate new housing developments. Broward County lies close to sea level (with elevation ranging from 5 to 25 feet) and is relatively flat, which often results in extensive "ponding" due to the lack of elevation gradients to facilitate adequate stormwater runoff. Further, its water supply lies just below the surface of the ground. Major rainfall events sometimes leave rainwater nowhere to drain, causing flooding near rivers and canals as well as in urban areas due to poor percolation rates and the low elevations (particularly in western parts of the county). Coastal flooding along the county's immediate shoreline is typically associated with tidal surge caused by landfalling tropical storms and hurricane events (note: storm surge is addressed under "Tropical Cyclone"). The severity of flooding is directly related to the amount and duration of the rainfall event. The areas affected by flooding in Broward County could increase. For the barrier island communities, should a significant rainfall event occur at the same time as high -tide, on -shore winds, or a combination of both, the severity could be devastating. Flooding of up to 4 feet could be expected in some areas. Broward County could easily be caught "off -guard" and people living in Hood -prone areas would be at an increased risk to property damage and life safety. September 2022 Page 1 139 .. , . ki F L O R 1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Based upon a Category 5 hurricane event, Broward County could see storm surges of over 6 feet above normal tide levels, resulting in significant to severe flooding the barrier islands. This could inundate the barrier islands with 4 to 6 feet of water and sand. The storm tide would also penetrate inland for several miles, reaching Federal Highway with expected flooding of 1 to 2 feet, including downtown Fort Lauderdale. Map 4.12 illustrates the location and extent of currently mapped special flood hazard areas for Broward County based on FEMA digital Q3 flood data which became effective in 2014. This includes Zones A/AE (100-year floodplain), Zone VE (100-year coastal flood zones, associated with wave action), Zone AH (areas subject to shallow flooding) and Zone X500 (500-year floodplain which is also known as the shaded X zone). It is important to note that flooding and flood -related losses do occur outside of delineated special flood hazard areas, and according to Broward County officials, there are known inaccuracies with the currently mapped, FEMA- identified flood hazard zones. Broward County is currently coordinating with FEMA on map modernization and undergoing limited re -studies for some flood zones which will assist in correcting some of these data accuracy deficiencies. FEMA recently completed additional modeling analyses in some parts of Broward County, including South and Southeast parts, to update the existing FIRM and Flood Hazard areas maps. These updated FEMA maps are expected to become official in late 2022 or early 2023. Historical Occurrences According to the National Climatic Data Center, there have been 114 reported flood events (three event types - Coastal flood, flash flood and flood) in Broward County from January 1, 1990, through August 30, 2022. According to the data, there were no deaths or injuries associated with these flooding events, but there was nearly $62 million in property damage and $25 million in crop damages in Broward County; this estimate does not include the reported losses under hurricanes, tropical storms and storm surge categories that is estimated to be at $221 million for Broward County. Some of the more notable events are described below: June 1998 — Flash Flood Excessive rains caused localized heavy flooding from Boca Raton to Miami Beach. The greatest official 24-hour rainfall was 13.75 inches at Pompano Beach with over 7 inches reported at Boca Raton and Miami Shores. Numerous streets were flooded, and several vehicles became submerged in parking lots with their occupants having to be rescued. 3 Broward mobile homes had to be evacuated, several roofs collapsed, and numerous dwellings had flood waters inside. Property damage was estimated at $1 million. October 1999 — Flash Flood resulting from Hurricane Irene After crossing Florida Bay, the center of Irene made landfall on the peninsula near Cape Sable on October 15 as a Category 1 hurricane. It moved northeast across central Miami - Dade and Broward counties before exiting into the Atlantic on October 16 near Jupiter in northeast Palm Beach County. Heavy rains and sustained winds of tropical storm force caused widespread flooding and power outages in the metropolitan areas of Miami -Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. Within a 24-hour period, rainfall totals in southeast Florida ranged from 6 to 17 inches with many areas getting 10 to 15 inches. Cooper City had over 15 inches of water, West Pembroke Pines had over 14 inches, Ft. Lauderdale and Hollywood had over 13 inches, Plantation had nearly 12 inches, and Lauderdale Lakes and Pompano Beach had over 9 inches. Property damages in southeast Florida were estimated by the National Climatic Data Center to be approximately $600 million, September 2022 Page 1 140 BWP.",,WARD couINrr Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 which includes $335 million in agricultural losses. An estimated 700,000 customers lost electricity. Flooding in a few residential areas lasted for a week, displacing several hundred persons and isolating thousands more. It was reported that 8,000 people suffered flood damages, Some roads were impassible for weeks, electricity was out in certain areas, and residents and businesses suffered heavy losses. September 2022 page 1 141 BRv .',V1/ARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.12: FEMA Flood Zones FEMA Flood Zone Q comp B.— N AE O MWOPII,ftY W�E AM 9�mInoM Tib Mf m. S AO Unincapo21.0 ervwenl..-Y AREA NOT INCLUDED � 0 1 2 4 D VE Y PARKLAND Li CORAL TAMARAC SUNRISE MIAMI-DADE COUNTY wrce: FEMA NFHL May 25, 2022 PLANTATION �b COCONUT CREEK DEERFlELD BEACH LIGHTHOUSE POINrT B HILLSBORO-' BEACH MRGATE POMPANO BEACH 2TH RDA L SEA RANCH JLA�KES. t LAUD ERDALE BY THE'SEA OAKLAND LAUDERDAL PARK LF1KE5 WILTON MANORS 1 FORT LAUDERDALE— COUN�7Y REG10 FACILRY DANIA BEACH r-- HOLLYWOOD WEST PARK HALLANDALE BEACH PEMBROKE PARK 1 September 2022 Page 1 142 BWc'1,AN cARD NTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 October 2000 — "N❑ Name" or "Pre -Leslie" Storm On October 3, 2000, a low-pressure system, later to become Tropical Storm Leslie, developed off the west coast of Cuba, and headed toward South Florida. Water managers and weather officials closely tracked the storm, and preemptive measures were taken to start moving water out of the canals. However, weather forecasts called for 4-8 inches of rainfall from this storm, and unfortunately, once the storm passed over South Florida, it dumped 14-18 inches of rainfall over a linear area in the center of the county. An estimated 93,000 houses with about 214,000 persons were isolated by flood waters. Power was cut to 13,000 people. There were 3 indirect deaths including 2 males who drove vehicles into canals and 1 man who fell from a roof while repairing a leak. October 2001 — Flash Flood Up to 10 inches of rain fell in 2 hours at Lighthouse Point and up to a total of 12 inches fell across portions of northeast metropolitan Broward County. Severe street flooding caused many stalled vehicles and 25 houses, and 25 to 30 apartments suffered flood damage. Property damage was estimated at $100,000. November 2001 — Coastal Flooding resulting from Hurricane Michelle Nearly a week of moderate to strong onshore winds, culminating with the approach of hurricane Michelle, produced coastal flooding from Hollywood Beach to Hallandale Beach. The flooding was worst near the time of high tide and involved damage to sea walls and other coastal structures. Water flowed across the "boardwalk" and into some businesses. Beach erosion in Broward, Palm Beach, and Miami -Dade counties during the entire event was moderate to locally severe. Beach rencurishment costs are estimated at over $10 million, and property damage was estimated at $20,000. May 2003 — Flash Flood A weak tropical wave extending north from the west Caribbean Sea in combination with a mid/upper-level trough of low pressure in the east Gulf of Mexico caused locally extreme rainfall over portions of the Broward-Miami-Dade metropolitan areas. The most rain occurred in a swath from Hollywood to Pompano Beach with an official maximum of 10.21" measured at Fort Lauderdale -Hollywood International Airport. Of that total, 7.36 inches fell from 6 to 8 PM which exceeds the 100-year maximum rate for that time. Radar estimates of 12 to 14 inches of rain were made near Oakland Park and Wilton Manors. According to Emergency Management estimates, 492 homes and businesses suffered some flood damage, and many roadways were impassable. Property damage was estimated at $1 million. November 2005 — Flash Flood Law enforcement reported flooding of homes, cars, and streets in northeastern Broward County from Deerfield Beach south to Pompano Beach and Oakland Park. Persistent showers developed over northeastern Broward County late in the evening of Friday, November 19 and reached its peak during the early morning hours of Saturday November 20. Doppler radar estimated up to 5 inches of rain in a 2-hour period between midnight and 2:00 AM fell over these areas. December 2009 Flash Flood Extensive and severe flooding occurred over southeastern Broward County. Hardest -hit communities were Dania Beach, Hollywood, Hallandale Beach, and Pembroke Park. As much as 14 inches of rain fell in about 6 hours with other reports and radar estimates showing an September 2022 Page 1 143 F L O R I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 area of 8 to 13 inches of rain primarily along and east of 1-95 in the above -mentioned communities. Severe flooding began around 7:30 PM in Dania Beach, gradually progressing southward between 8 and 10 PM to cover the rest of the affected area. A total of 101 homes sustained major flood damage in Broward County, with an additional 88 homes having minor damage. Water was reported to be as high as 2 feet deep inside some homes, and a mobile home park in Pembroke Park had to be evacuated due to the rising water. Shelters were opened in Hallandale Beach and Hollywood to accommodate the evacuees. 6 businesses also sustained significant water damage. One building had a roof collapse in Hallandale Beach. Hundreds of cars were damaged or destroyed by the water. In addition to the water damage, about 2,000 customers lost power in Broward and Miami -Dade counties. Property damage in Broward County was estimated to be at $500,000. October 2011 — Flash Flood A weak frontal boundary across South Florida in combination with a flow of deep tropical moisture from the western Caribbean Sea associated with the remnant of Hurricane Rina led to periods of very heavy rain and significant flooding lasting the better part of 4 days. An estimated 2,000 customers lost power across South Florida due to the rain. Torrential rainfall affected eastern sections of metro Broward County during the overnight hours of October 31st. Rainfall totals of 8 to 12 inches occurred over an area bounded by 1-595 to the south and Pompano Beach to the north, from NW 31 Ave to the west all the way to the Atlantic coast. A few spots in this area likely received amounts close to 15 inches in about a 9-hour time span. These rains fell over areas already saturated from the rains of the previous two days. A total of 402 homes were affected by water damage and streets were closed due to inundation in Fort Lauderdale, Oakland Park, Wilton Manors and Pompano Beach. The area hardest -hit was between Broward and Commercial Boulevards between 1-95 and Federal Highway where water covered the ground up to a few feet. Property damages in tune of $2 million were reported for Broward County. June 2017 — Heavy Rain Flood A disturbance meandering across the Gulf of Mexico in combination with an upper -level system across the western Gulf of Mexico lead to nearly a week of heavy rainfall across South Florida. The heaviest rainfall fell in the corridor from Marco Island and southern Collier county northeast into Broward and southern Palm Beach counties. Many locations in this swath saw rainfall amounts in excess of 9 to 10 inches in a single day, and as high as almost 15 inches on the heaviest day, resulting in event totals of 15 to 20 inches in this area. The heaviest rainfall of the event across Broward County fell during June 7th and 8th. The worst impacts were generally reported across Sunrise, Weston, and Davie. There was a multiday closure of the Sawgrass Mills Mall located in Sunrise, the second largest attraction in the state of Florida, due to flooding of the parking lot and mall entrances. Sunrise Fire Station 59 sustained roof damage to the lobby and firefighter sleeping quarters and damage was sustained to the Sunrise Civic Center due to seeping water in the orchestra pit and the public assembly area of the facility. An off -duty NWS employee also reported 6 to 8 inches of water in most low- lying areas and roadways in the vicinity. Most swales and lakes were also out of there banks and flooding adjacent yards. The city of Davie reported several road closures, numerous flooded roadways, as well as several flooding homes due to both roof leaks and water encroachment from swales and lakes. Elsewhere across the county, widespread minor to moderate flooding was reported along with several unconfirmed reports of roof collapses. September 2022 Page 1 144 R,`c.�.WARD LaUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 November 2020 — Tropical Storm Eta Flooding Extensive flooding occurred in several parts of Broward County after heavy rainfall from Storm Eta during November 8-9, 2020. Based on the radar data, some areas of the County including Central, South-West parts, received 11-13 inches of rainfall. Flooding was reported in almost all Cities of the County including Fort Lauderdale, Lauderhill, Sunrise, Miramar, Davie and Weston. Water was knee-deep in parts of Broward County. The power was out for more than 24,000 Florida Power & Light customers at 5:30 p.m. Monday (11/9/2020), mostly in Miami - Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties. Historical Summary of insured Flood Losses According to FEMA flood insurance policy records, there have been more than 22,000 flood losses reported in Broward County through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), totaling more than $64 million in claims payments. Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability that Broward County will continue to experience flooding associated with large tropical storms, hurricanes, and heavy rainfall events is highly likely. Flooding is a very geographic -specific hazard and in Broward County, the source can either be inland flooding (heavy rainfall and high-water table) and/or storm surge. In the future Broward County could be expected to be hit by large floods, either from large rainstorms or tropical storms/hurricanes, with typical floodwater depths from to 5 inches to 2 feet and near maximum floodwater depths could ranging up to S feet (floodwaters of this depth were recorded in parts of Broward County from the Cape Sable hurricane of 1947). Future Risk Conditions Influencing Flood The impacts of climate change and associated sea level rise will have considerable impact on future flood conditions. While the impacts of sea level rise are discussed in greater detail in a subsection dedicated to this subject in Section 4, the following results of climate change and sea level rise, as documented in several SFWMD reports including "Sea Level Rise and Flood Resiliency Plan" and "Adoption of Future Extreme Rainfall Change Factors for Flood Resiliency Planning in South Florida" reports published in 2022, will impact flooding in Broward County: • Inundation of coastal properties due to higher sea levels, astronomical tides, and storm surges. • Projected changes in future rainfall ranging from a 2% decrease to 62% increase, depending on the rainfall duration and frequency. ■ Higher sea levels and storm surges will limit the ability of coastal drainage systems to drain inland stormwater runoff into ocean thus exacerbating flooding and reducing the effectiveness of the primary/secondary drainage system. • Flood protection level of service provided by existing drainage infrastructure will be reduced due to higher flows and levels in canals from increased rainfall and reduced drainage capacity due to higher tidal levels In conclusion, the impacts of climate change, and sea level rise will likely exacerbate the severity and duration of floods, including those caused by tropical cyclones and those non -cyclone events. September 2022 Page 1 145 BW,G.WARD COUNTY Vulnerability Assessment Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 To assess flood risk, two distinct vulnerability assessment approaches were applied for Broward County to assess exposure and potential losses to flood hazard events. This includes (1) a Hazus- MH analysis for riverine (or non -coastal) flood events; and (2) a GIS-based analysis for riverine and coastal flood events using FEMA's digital Q3 flood data (as shown in Map 4.11) in combination with Broward County's local tax assessor records. First, riverine flood hazards were modeled using Hazus-MH for the 10-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood events. Flood depth was estimated at the pixel level for affected areas, along with proportion of the area affected within the census block. Hazus-MH was utilized to estimate floodplain boundaries, potential exposure for each event frequency, and loss estimates based on probabilistic scenarios using a Level 1 analysis.13 Table 4.21 shows potential building losses for 10- and 50-year riverine flood events by jurisdiction, and Table 4.22 shows potential building losses for 100- and 500-year riverine flood events by jurisdiction. Table 4.20: Potential Building Losses by Jurisdiction (10- and 50-year Riverine Flood Events) 13 According to FEMNs Hazus Web site, 'a Level 1 analysis yields a rough estimate based on the nationwide database and is a great way to begin the risk assessment process and prioritize high -risk communities" September 2022 Page 1 146 BR,c AN CC7UNl Y ,Y v,f4&PWU 11MIX7a rcaa if fall Oj,UUU SOurcO: Broward County Property Appraiser and Hazus-MH MR2 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Fable 4.21: potential Building Losses by Jurisdiction (100- and 500 -yea r Riverine Flood Fvante) September 2022 Page 1 147 BWc, WARD COUNTY 13 * Negligible means less than $5,000 Source: Broward County Property Appraiser and Hazus-MH MR2 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 The second approach to assessing each jurisdiction's exposure and potential losses to riverine and coastal flood hazard events included an independent GIS-based analysis using FEMA's digital Q3 flood data in combination with Broward County's local tax assessor records and critical facilities data. To complete the assessment, initially every individual land parcel and critical facility that is located wholly or partially within a FEMA Zone A, AE, or V special flood hazard area with a 1% annual chance of flooding (100-year floodplain) was identified, by jurisdiction. It should be noted in this revised Plan, critical facilities in FEMA AH Zone have been added to broaden the analysis. This analysis is intended for use as a general planning tool to provide reasonable estimates of potential at -risk properties or facilities using best available georeferenced data in comparison to the results of the Hazus-MH loss estimation results. It is important to note that while the GIS-based assessment does use specific attribute data tied to each individual at -risk property (i.e., year built and building value), it does not consider certain unknown site -specific factors that may mitigate future flood losses on a building -by -building basis (such as elevation, surrounding topography, flood -proofing measures, drainage, etc.). The identification of at -risk properties (and subsequently buildings) was completed using local parcel data layers in combination with local tax assessor records. To further narrow down the list of initially identified floodplain properties to those with buildings potentially at -risk to flood events, GIS selection criteria was utilized to identify only those properties with buildings constructed prior to 1972 (pre-NFIP), under the assumption that those built after 1972 would be protected to the 100-year flood level due to the availability of flood hazard maps and the adoption of local flood damage prevention ordinances. The objective of the GIS-based analysis is to calculate the total building value of all potentially at -risk properties in Broward County, by jurisdiction. September 2022 Page 1 148 �I�'crWARD Broward County Emergency Management COUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.22: Total Building Value of At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction [Riverine/Coastal Flnnrl FvPntcl ... "4Q• �' Uvrai u uUUFII y-Uperty Hpprarser; r-ecerar emergency Management Agency National Flood Hazard Layer September 2022 Page 1 149 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.23: Total Bldg. Value of At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction and Type of Building (Rive ri ne/Coastal Flood Events) Other*Jurisdiction Residential Commercial Industrial Coconut Creek $728,164,410 $211,142,210 $78,166,980 $289,208.200 $1,306,681,800 Cooper City $571,558,220 $49,570,950 $7,459,790 $181,905,780 $810,494 740 Coral Springs $1,974,038,740 $631,852,380 $130,130,650 $444,206,870 $3,180,227,640 Dania Beach $823,322,850 $539,305,710 $316,741,530 $97,610,620 $1,776,980,710 Davie $3,574,966,430 $549,964,800 $315,564,580 $1,105,669,340 $5,546,165,150 Deerfield Beach $1,498,836,230 $647,854.540 $533,205,470 $325,911700 $3,005,807,940 Fort Lauderdale $10,126,050,210 $5,216,955,210 $918,930,240 $2,960,102,640 $19,222,038,200 Hallandale Beach $748,735,250 $496,638 700 $32,711,410 $88 841,430 $1,366,926,790 Hillsboro Beach $456,379,020 $8,929,340 $0 $1,377 390 $466,685,750 Hollywood $4,174,819,290 $1,655,649130 $389,317,270 $1,057 739 940 $7,277,525,630 Lauderdale -By -The - Sea $412,321,620 $61,387,260 $0 $4,433,920 $478,142,800 Lauderdale Lakes $204,539,760 $122,197,510 $20,303,030 $52,902,540 $399,942,840 Lauderhill $1,057,774,750 $103,141,230 $28,491620 $142,391,190 $1,331,798,790 Lazy Lake $3,772,250 $0 $0 $0 $3,772,250 Lighthouse Point $1,448,639,210 $48,288,070 $0 $6,966,590 $1,503,893,870 Margate $577,324,620 $150,917,450 $44 494,870 $166,142 510 $938,879,450 Miramar $1,525,809,110 $384 043,240 $297 006,560 $774,381,410 $2 981240,320 North Lauderdale $593,544,350 $99,589,610 $23,808,970 $82,472,160 $799,415,090 Oakland Park $741,351,810 $281,076,400 $263,812,430 $112,571,280 $1,398,811,920 Parkland $2,329,536,620 $49,941,490 $430,780 $206,410,780 $2,586,319,670 Pembroke Park $39,356,530 $19,329,590 $110,532,470 $36,068,580 $205,287,170 Pembroke Pines $2,905 267,930 $856,912 500 $37,165,520 $704,309,560 $4,503 655,510 Plantation $2,970,844 770 $1,050 359,860 $58,774 790 $470 672,390 $4,550,651,810 Pompano Beach $2,517,213,190 $668,923,610 $1,067,183,320 $674167,580 $4,927,487,700 Sea Ranch Lakes $122,818,790 $0 $0 $0 $122 818,790 Southwest Ranches $1,010,094,120 $30,035,650 $430,490 $199,476,630 $1,240,036,790 Sunrise $964,284,030 $854,728,170 $227,399,450 $632,386,400 $2,678,798,050 Tamarac $1,295,904,110 $215,126,770 $143,901,740 $140,719,690 $1,795,652,310 Broward Municipal Services Districts $96 547,460 $17,959,870 $27,697 580 $2,079,467,970 $2 221,672,8a0 West Park $96,538,170 $18,134,350 $13,222,750 $4,681,380 $132,576,650 Weston 818,908,810 $422,970,340 $204,144,270 $167,125,150 $3,613,148,570 Wilton Manors7_71 =$547,83�6,990 $57,693,870 $2,038,660 $50,501,570 $658,071,090 TOTAL $48,957,099,650 $15,520,619,710 S5 293 067 0-t- $13 260 822 090 $83 031608 670 "Other" building occupancy category includes agriculture, religiousmonprora, government, ano euucauun uu.uNc,u.,co. September 2022 Page 1 150 BR,',',WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 - • -- .-- e y "", ,yrlIJul It nyericy rvarionai rlOod Hazard Layer Table 4.24: Total # of Buildings At -Risk Properties by Jurisdiction and Type of Building (Rive rine/Coastal Flood Events) Coconut Creek Coo erCi 1768 33 15 53 1869 Corals rin s 1550 18 1 55 1624 Dania Beach 5403 172 75 95 5745 Davie 3773 246 328 98 4445 Deerfield Beach 7927 284 193 355 8759 Fort Lauderdale 5418 261 238 94 6011 Hallandale Beach 21285 2192 1008 656 25141 Hillsboro Beach 2954 191 50 44 3239 Holl ood 133 3 0 2 138 Lauderdale-B-The-Sea 15873 945 222 322 17362 Lauderdale Lakes 879 66 0 9 954 Lauderhill 1036 59 13 22 1130 La Lake 2213 98 22 38 2371 Li hthouse Point 12 0 0 0 12 Ma ate 2746 52 0 14 2772 Miramar 2542 68 33 39 2682 North Lauderdale 4507 99 39 96 4741 Oakland Park 2550 58 12 35 2655 Parkland 3223 339 537 83 4182 Pembroke Park 4523 19 1 90 4633 Pembroke Pines 222 25 47 12 306 Plantation 7685 131 10 87 7913 Pam ano Beach 6005 274 51 119 6449 Sea Ranch Lakes 8116 509 759 221 9605 Southwest Ranches 129 0 0 0 129 Sunrise 2214 14 2 343 2573 Tamarac 3090 179 85 76 3430 Broward Munici I Services Districts 6982 144 56 45 7227 West Park 716 54 23 144 937 903 24 10 10 947 September 2022 Page 1 151 BARD COUNTY Wilton Manors Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 5501 134 37 33 570 1624 96 2 32 17@ TOTAL � "Other" building occupancy category includes agriculture, religious/nonprofit, government, and education occupancies. Source: Broward County Property Appraiser The GIS-based analysis for critical facilities identified 78 critical facilities throughout Broward County as being potentially osil, and 201 schools (26 of whese include 24 cityhich are designated allseither county or local police stations, p shelters). FEMA defines a repetitive loss property as any insurable building for which two or more claims of more than $1,000 were paid by the NFIP within any rolling 10-year period, since 1978. A repetitive loss property may or may not be currently insured by the NFIP. Currently there are over 122,000 repetitive loss properties nationwide. FEMA defines a severe repetitive loss (SRL) property as with 1 of the following conditions in a 10-year period: 1) At least 4 claims payments (building and contents) over $5,000 each; 2) At least 2 building claims payments with the cumulative amount exceeding the market value of the building. The list of FEMA RL properties is shown in Table 4.26. All but 1 of Broward County's municipal jurisdictions (Sea Ranch Lakes) is identified as having one or more Repetitive Loss Properties. Also included is the list of FEMA SRL properties in Table 4.27. Although this information is tracked by the County in accordance with FEMA guidelines, it is protected from release by the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. Section 552(2). Table 4.25: NFIP Repetitive Loss Properties by Jurisdiction (as of 2022) IIIIIIIIIN A Creek 1 2 8 U'uU.uu-- $17,909.19 $2,339.00 $20,248.19 r City 4 39 $573,876.80 $886,97.03 $662,573.83 19 3 rin s 28 103 $1,846,476.60 $310,116.72 $2,156,593.32 Beach 27 80 $834,843.6.0 $631,012.48 $1,465,856.08 9 22 $376,595.07 $66,190.52 $442.785.59 eld Beach 172 577 $12,380,724.42 $4,935,948.86 $17,316,673.28 erdale aude aud 560 $18,122,188.42 $4,964,850.27 $23.077 038.69 153 Beach idaloro 2 5 $215 350.20 $65,467.10 $280,810 7.3 Beach 246 669 $10,525,648.82 $3,187,055.84 $13,712,7040 wood 2 56 $102.289.90 $2,800.00 $105,089.9( ;rdale-B -The-Sea 22 50 $219,522.89 $86,555.07 $306,077.91 erdale Lakes 41 75_ $477,677.75 $142,004.52 $619,682.7 Page 1 152 September 2022 BR;c ;WARD o�NTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation strategy September 2022 -- ���• -• �.,, ,y—"Y -PO IIOYU'IIII It nyc`rL;y 1"iVI Ve Loss rrropetVes Heport tar Bro ward County, August 17, 2022, Report Greatest increase in number of Repetitive Loss Properties (from 2017 LMS to present): Fort Lauderdale -- 95 to 195 properties Biggest decrease in number of Repetitive Loss Properties (from 2017 LMS to present) West Park -- 18 to 6 properties Table 4.26: NFIP S R L Pranerfiac h►. _Iitricrlit-fi^ . 1-- —6 hnna► September 2022 Page 1 153 .. , ., F L O RaI O A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Number NumberContentsTotal Jurisdiction ofSRL of Properties • Lauderhill 3 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Lazy Lake 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00.' Lighthouse Point 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Mar ate Miramar 1 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 North Lauderdale 10 30 $958,919.42 $309,370.31 $1,268,289.73' Oakland Park Parkland 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 4 7 $106,987.88 $327,594.89 $434,582.77 Pembroke Park 1 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Pembroke Pines 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Plantation Pompano Beach 1 10 $481,228.54 $0.00 $481,228.54 Sea Ranch Lakes 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Southwest Ranches 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Sunrise 1 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Tamarac 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Broward Municipal Services Districts 6 22 $321,939.07 $180,048.15 $501,987.22 West Park 3 11 $118,648.77 $47,225.57 $165,874.34 Weston 0 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Wilton Manors 1 0 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 TOTAL 99 468 $8,927,683.83 $4,720,820.73 $13,648,504.56 R tit' L Pro prfipc Rannrt fnr Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency Repehbve Loss and Severe epe ive oss p Broward County, August 17, 2022, Report Table 4.27: RLISRL Properties by Property Type (as of 2022) Jurisdiction Residential RL SRL Commercial RL SRLMRLSRLCoconut Other Non -Residential Creek 1Cooper City 4Coral Springs Dania Beach 18 21 5 6 Davie 25 2 1 - 1 Deerfield Beach 8 - - 1 Fort Lauderdale 145 19 9 1 18 3 Hallandale Beach 142 17 4 4 7 1 Hillsboro Beach 2 Hollywood 235 11 2 - 9 3 Lauderdale -By The -Sea 1 1 September 2022 Page 1 154 Bf It kRD CNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Lauderdale Lakes =3- Lauderhill Lighthouse Point _ Margate fit Miramar 43 North Lauderdale 14 _ Oakland Park 32 5 $ 4 5 1 Parkland � _ _ Pembroke Park 4 - 1 3 2 1 Pembroke Pines 14 1 - Plantation 16 Pompano Beach 22 1 5 Southwest Ranches 2 _ Sunrise 1 Tamarac 14 _ West Park 3 3 Weston 1 _ Wilton Manors 19 1 2 1 Broward Municipal Services 53 4 - 1 $ 1 Distrlcts Source: Federal Emergency Man agement Agency Repetitive Coss and Severe Repetitive toss Properties Report for Broward County, August 17, 2022, Report Sea Level RiselClimate Change As is stated in the following narrative, the probability of future increases in high tide flooding events in Broward County due to sea level rise is considered "highly likely". More specifics about the scenarios that were developed for Broward County and how they are consistent with planning scenarios are included in the subsection below. In addition, the subsection describes the potential impact to residents and businesses. Background Sea level rise, caused by climate change, is a phenomenon resulting from a consistent change in the earth's temperature that leads to changes in atmospheric and climatic patterns which ultimately impacts the complex hydrology of southeast Florida, including surface and subsurface flows. While the majority of sea level rise realized to date has been a function of thermal expansion September 2022 Page 1 155 BWOAARD COUNTY Kona Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 of oceanic waters the melting of ice at the polar ice caps is likely to substantially influence the total rate of rise in the coming decades both worldwide and regionally. While there is still debate on the degree of the impact, the evidence is clear that a trend is occurring, and sea levels have been rising for the better part of the 20' century and into the 21st century. The rate of rise is increasing, with an average of 1 inch of rise measured every 4 to 4'/4 years during the last several decades. A total of 40 inches of sea level rise is anticipated by 2070, relative to 2000, for southeast Florida under the NOAA Intermediate -High scenario. This chapter will not go into the details of what is causing climate change; it will focus on the impacts from climate change on sea level rise including storm surge and coastal flooding. The mitigation strategies section will follow up to propose potential adaptation and mitigation actions. Sea level rise and other impacts of climate change also affect atmospheric and hydrologic patterns which in turn impact other hazards like inland flood (increased rainfall periods), drought (decreased rainfall periods), and wildfire (exacerbated by vegetative fuel growth in periods of higher rainfall and then burn risk in drier periods). The impact of climate change on these hazards will be discussed in the appropriate hazard subsections of Chapter 4. For this subsection, the impacts of sea level rise will be discussed. An article from Nature Geoscience by T.R. Knutson, et al. entitled "Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change" (2010) referenced in the SFWMD report entitled "Past and Projected Trends in Climate and Sea Level Rise for South Florida — External Review Draft" (2011) reveals that the potential impacts of climate change, particularly global warming, for the Atlantic Ocean basin are the following: • Decrease in the number of tropical storms and hurricanes from 6-34% (due to increased wind shear over the Atlantic basin) • Increase in the wind intensity of the hurricanes from 2-11 % • Increase in the height and strength of hurricane storm surge (due to higher sea level and wind intensity) • Rainfall increases of up to 20% within 60 miles of tropical storms and hurricanes. • Currently, there is no indication of large alterations of historical storm origin and tracks so south Florida continues to be a target of high probability. The 2011 SFWMD report states that the main concerns with sea level rise for South Florida are the following: • Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers and a diminishing of fresh groundwater which negatively impacts the public water supply. • Less capacity to drain overland flooding and stormwater from inland areas to marine waters because the higher sea levels effectively block positive drainage from west to east (i.e., due to low South Florida surface elevations, most larger and local drainage systems depend on a differential between upstream and downstream water levels, headwater and tailwater respectively, where the downstream areas are generally in tidal/marine areas). • Increased tropical storm and hurricane surge levels. • More frequent coastal flooding and some inundation of coastal real estate by marine water Location and Spatial Extent As a coastal county, the impact of sea level rise on Broward County has the potential to be high to severe in the long term. The inundation maps (Maps 4.14-4.17) and at -risk property information (Tables 4.32- 4.35) provided in this section utilizes the Sea Level Rise projections for NOAA intermediate -Low and Intermediate -High Scenarios as outlined in NOAA 2017 report. Based on September 2022 Page 1156 BWP,' WARD couNTr 13 Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 the Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact's (Compact) latest Unified Sea Level Rise Projection report (2019 update), Broward County uses the same NOAA 2017 Sea Level Rise Projections for the future planning purposes, The Compact's Unified Sea Level Rise Projections for Key West gauge indicate 17 in and 40 in of rise in sea levels by 2040 and 2070, respectively under the 2017 NOAA Intermediate -High scenario. Sea level rise projections for 2040 and 2070 used in this assessment also align with the statutory requirement of the Resilient Florida Grant Program. Historical Occurrences - Historical (1913-2020) data from NOAA Key West tidal gauge indicates that relative sea levels has been rising at a rate of 2.5 mmlyr (or 1 inch110-yr). However, recent analyses of Key West tide gauge record indicate a more rapid acceleration in the rate of sea level rise since 2000; five- year average sea level trends showed a 5 inch of increase in relative mean sea levels between 2000-2021. A majority of the coastal water control infrastructure managed by the SFWM❑ was constructed between 1950 and 1960. The Standard Flood design criteria for many of these structures assumes a headwater-tailwater differential of 6 inches. increasing tidal levels may have already started affecting the drainage capacity of these coastal drainage structures especially for the solely gravity driven structures. A recent (2022) "Flood Protection Level of Service" study by SFWM❑ indicates reduced level of flood protection in several basins (e.g., NNR, C-13, C-14 and Pompano) in the County due to rising tidal levels limiting the drainage capacity of the gravity - controlled structures. Probability and Extent of Future Occurrences The probability of future increase in high tide flooding events in Broward County due to sea level rise is considered "highly likely". Sea level rise projections for the year 2100 from 2017 NOAA report and 2019 Compact report indicate a potential range from 2.7 to 8.5 feet. The main variable affecting such large range of these estimates is the uncertainty in the rate of glacial and polar ice melting to be realized in the coming decades. More specifics about the scenarios developed for Broward County consistent with planning scenarios developed in conjunction with the Compact are provided in subsection below. Vulnerability Assessment While there is considerable non -scientific debate about the probability of sea level rise, and variation within the scientific community on the severity of sea level rise (but consensus on the probability), the County is likely to continue to be vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise. The level of impact ranges from moderate to severe. In 2021 a vulnerability assessment of Broward County was conducted using the NOAA Intermediate -High (Int-High), and Intermediate -Low (int-Low) sea level rise scenarios for 2040 and 2070. See Maps 4.13 - below for a spatial depiction of the inundation risk from these four sea level rise scenarios, based solely on land elevation relative to predicted coastal water levels. The assessment revealed that under the NOAA Int-Low 2040 scenario, the total taxable value (as of 2021) of vulnerable property was $108, while under the highest scenario evaluated (int-High 2070) the taxable value of vulnerable properties increased to $42B (See Figure XE below). Under the highest scenario evaluated (int-High 2070) 1.05% of the County is impacted with residential and other being the major land use types inundated. However, under the other scenarios evaluated (int-High 2040, Int-Low, 2070, and int-Low 2040), conservation lands and open space September 2022 Page 1 157 F L O R•1 D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 is the land use type with the highest projected impacts (See Tables 4.31-35). In terms of acres inundated, wetlands are among the major land use type impacted." Tables 4.31-35, after the maps, show the projected damage impacts and level of inundation by land use for the analyzed future climate scenarios. This analysis is currently being augmented with a more complete evaluation of the combined impacts of compound flood factors, sea level rise, groundwater table rise, rainfall (and intensification), high tides, and storm surge, on coastal and inland flooding with detailed accounting of water management systems and operations as part of a County -wide Resilience Plan. This project will be completed in 2024 and will present a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of future flood risk county -wide than what can be derived from the current elevation -based model and data set. September 2022 Page I IbS Bf'c�WARD Broward County Emergency Management Courvrr Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.13: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA lnt-Low 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario I NOAA Int-Low 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario Projected Inundation Municipal Boarders Broward County Water Conservation Area [-1 Urban Boundary ryy� 'tea• on Boca Raton Bore del Mar Parkland 610 8each7 Coral Springs Color ut Creek ae Margate Pompano North eas Beach Tamarac Lauderdeia Nc,rd, Andrews C-ard—% Sunrise Oakland Park Lauderniil ��ppWilee.� Mangy , Ei7 . cation Fort Lauderdale V Davie 1 �$ Dania Bepci Point Hollywood N Hallandale sx Arentura 0 1.5 3 fi 9 12 Miles Miami Beach beach '--J--- &oward County Resilience Unit, NOAA 2022 rce: September 2022 Page 1 159 ■ F L JRJ O R!I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.14: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA Int-Low 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario p� ® Glydia Rd ------------------------ i� NOAA Int-Low 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario - Projected Inundation Municipal Boarders Broward County Water Conservation Area 0 Urban Boundary Boca Bow del Mar Deer, Parkland Beach' x 'Lighthoui', ,.. Point Coral Springs Coconut Cre4 >' N Margate Pompano I ! _ ....._.,_ .. North® 'Beach E Lauderdale Jf Tamarac _ T3, eta _ . _ Davie Griffin Rd _. .,hmidan St Pembroke Hollywood Pines Miramar 'Hallandale Floridr � $32 Aventura � 0 1.5 3 6' 0 9 Ah Beach. • Source: Broward County Resilience Unit, NOAA 2022 September 2022 Page 1 160 BR'C,'N Broward County Emergency Management `COLiNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.15: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA !nt-High 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario NOAA Int-High 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario Projected Inundation Municipal Boarders Broward County Water Conservation Area 0 Urban Boundary 27 89 Weston V. Parkland Boca Raton 8—dal Mar Dee 810 Beach Point Lighthoi Coral Springs coconut Creek r Margate H Pompano i North ass Beach Tamarac Lauderdel,, W S1<';n6 R.i North Andrew, (:ardan, Sunrise y Oakland Park _ La-iderhill map.nT' to = Plantation Fart Lauderdale �J 0-0816 Davie --- Dania BsU1' 898 i zr Pambroke Hollywood N r Pines Miramar Hallandale Florida's $52 AVentu ra M-7 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 Miles Miami Beach Beach SOUrCe: Broward CoUnty Resilience Unit, NOAA 2022 September 2022 Page 1 161 zr Pambroke Hollywood N r Pines Miramar Hallandale Florida's $52 AVentu ra M-7 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 Miles Miami Beach Beach SOUrCe: Broward CoUnty Resilience Unit, NOAA 2022 September 2022 Page 1 161 •• F L o R i D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Map 4.16: Inundation Extent in Broward County under the NOAA Int-High 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario .......... _ . _ ......... Gf.de -Rd •w yyy Boca Rat n Boca del Mar ftl NOAA Int-High 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario Projected Inundation Municipal Boarders Broward County r — — Water Conservation Area ❑ urban Boundary Parkland- ' --� eto j Beach Lighthou4 ' -- Point Coral Springs- -- -- 9 i COtO1iYt Creek I 9i ai Margate Pompano _.....__ NoYth J; ® Beach � La udordwie , Tamarac W W14.b Rd i _- -..... Fn.._` c -t. NortAndrows ., rdens , l Oakland•Park Sunrise `Vigil r.rai i i LaYda'rhill ., taa M'y+Rfa ' f as = Plantation Fort fi, i Iaude�dA i Weston k e eie i{ t 14 Pembroke Hfywood —Pi6e: i Mire r— a51 { *lallandila a r ,. Awntura 5 e MiaBeach, mi, Source: Broward County Resilience Unit, NOAA 2022 September 2022 Page 1 162 gLM,1.ARD Broward County Emergency Management COUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.28: Taxable Property Value County -wide projected to be at risk due to sea level rise under NOAA 2017 Intermediate -High and Intermediate -Low scenarios for the 2040 and 2070 timeframes. LU s �0.flfl Y J a 40.00 00 s cn w p 30.00 p� J Q J r° 20.00 F TAXABLE PROPERTY VALUE VULNERABLE TO SEA LEVEL RISE $10.22 0,00 $42.39 $13.37 $14.01 1 1 Int-Low 2040 int-Low 2070 Int-High 2040 Int-High 2070 SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIO (NOAA,2017) Table 4.29: Loss Estimation of Broward Commercial Properties for NOAA Int-High & Int-Low 2040 & 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenarios .. eve] of Damages Int-Law 2040 $1,745,630,160 $34,912,603,20❑ Int-taw 2070 $2,677,829,940 $53,556,598,800 Int-High 2040 $2,911,300,200 $58,226,004,000 Int-High 2070 $9,766,260,610 $195,325,212,200 Source: Broward County Resilience Unit, Broward County Appraiser GIS, NOAA 2017. Last Year Taxable Value field used from the Broward County Property Appraiser's Parcel Data Sum of commercial property building taxable values with projected inundation " Multiply total building value in inundation zone by 20% to estimate building and content damage September 2022 Page 1163 Broward County Emergency Management BD)(2WAR� Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy `$ COUNTY September 2022 Table 4.30: Land Use Impacts Under the NOAA Int-Low 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario Residential 43.38 U112,129.16 0.04% Commercial11.48 0.64%,Industrial 1.96 Agriculture and Timber Lands 3.30 6 0 015 Conservation Land/ Open Space & Recreation 384.71 86,038.21 .45% Utilities /Transportation 23.05 35,670.19 Other 153.02 506,689.28 Land use codes sourced from the Broward County Property Appraiser's Office. Note, for Agricultural and Timber Lands codes = 50-69, for Conservation Land/ Open Space code = 82 or 97, for Utilities/ Transportation code = 91 or 94, for Other code = All Institutional codes, Miscellaneous codes excluding 91, 94, 97, and including all Government codes excluding 82, and including codes 98 and 99, and parcels with unlisted codes. See codes at: https.//bcpa.net/use code.a Table 4.31: Land Use Impacts Under the NOAA Int-Low 2070 Sea Level Rise Scenario Residential Commercial Industrial Agriculture and Timber Lands Conservation Land/ Open. Space & Recreation Utilities / Transportation Other' Source: Broward County Resilience Unit, Broward County 105.79 38.79 112;129.16 27,573.68 8.09 10,72740 12.35 4,966.36 1004.39 86,038.21. 60.70 35,670.19 375.39 506,699.28 Property Appraiser GIS, NOAA 2022 Land use codes sourced from the Broward County Property Appraiser's Office. Note, for Agricultural and Timber Lands codes = 50-69, for Conservation Land/ Open Space code = 82 or 97, for Utilities/ Transportation code = 91 or 94, for Other code = All Institutional codes, Miscellaneous codes excluding 91, 94, 97, and including all Government codes excluding 82, and including codes 98 and 99, and parcels with unlisted codes. See codes at: httpsAcpa.net/use code.asp '0.09% 0.14%. 0.08%: 0.25% 1.17% 0.17% 0.07% September 2022 Page 1 164 B�`WNARU Broward County Emergency Management '' COUNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.32: Land Use Impacts Under the NQAA Int-High 2040 Sea Level Rise Scenario ,"„uu ulFot, UFUworu UUur11y r 0pen[y Appraiser r;rs, NQAA 2022 Land use codes sourced from the Broward County Property Appraiser's Office . Note, for Agricultural and Timber Lands codes = 50-69, for Conservation Landl Open Space code = 82 or 97, for Utilities/ Transportation code = 91 or 94, for Other code = All Institutional codes, Miscellaneous codes excluding 91, 94, 97, and including all Government codes excluding 82, and including codes 98 and 99, and parcels with unlisted codes. See codes at: h ttips.Ilbeoa.netluse code, asp Table 4.33: Land Use Impacts Under the NQAA Int-High 2070 Sea Level Rise Sr_anarin . .- - - - - ----_..., uvufr1y rrupercy npprarser Ur), IVUAA 1U22 Land use codes sourced from the Broward County property Appraiser's Office. Note, for Agricultural and Timber Lands codes = 50-69, for Conservation Landl Open Space code = 82 or 97, for Litilitiesl Transportation code = 91 or 94, for Other code = All Institutional codes, Miscellaneous codes excluding 91, 94, 97, and including all Government codes excluding 82, and including codes 98 and 99, and parcels with unlisted codes. See codes at: https.11bcpa.netluse code.asp September 2022 Page 1 165 Bf "AARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Geologic Hazards For the purposes of this risk assessment geologic hazards are events or incidents that involve seismic or non -seismic ground failures such as earthquakes, landslides, sinkholes, land subsidence, and expansive soils as well as the hazards of tsunami and volcano. The occurrence of geologic hazards is often interrelated with other natural phenomena. Other Natural Hazards For the purposes of this vulnerability assessment, "other" natural hazards are limited to wildfire. Wildfire Background A wildfire is any fire occurring in a wildland area (i.e., grassland, forest, brush land) except for fire under prescription.14 Wildfires are part of the natural management of forest ecosystems but may also be caused by human factors. Nationally, over 80% of forest fires are started by negligent human behavior such as smoking in wooded areas or improperly extinguishing campfires. The second most common cause for wildfire is lightning. There are 3 classes of wildland fires: surface fire, ground fire, and crown fire. A surface fire is the most common of these 3 classes and burns along the floor of a forest, moving slowly and killing or damaging trees. A ground fire (muck fire) is usually started by lightning or human carelessness and burns on or below the forest floor. Crown fires spread rapidly by wind and move quickly by jumping along the tops of trees. Wildland fires are usually signaled by dense smoke that fills the area for miles around. Wildfire probability depends on local weather conditions, outdoor activities such as camping, debris burning, and construction, and the degree of public cooperation with fire prevention measures. Drought conditions and other natural hazards (such as tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.) increase the probability of wildfires by producing fuel in both urban and rural settings. Forest damage from hurricanes and tornadoes may also block interior access roads and fire breaks, pull down overhead power lines, or damage pavement and underground utilities. Many individual homes and cabins, subdivisions, resorts, recreational areas, organizational camps, businesses, and industries are located within high wildfire hazard areas. Further, the increasing demand for outdoor recreation places more people in wildlands during holidays, weekends, and vacation periods. Unfortunately, wildland residents and visitors are rarely educated or prepared for wildfire events that can sweep through the brush and timber and destroy property within minutes. Wildfires can result in severe economic losses as well. Businesses that depend on timber, such as paper mills and lumber companies, experience losses that are often passed along to consumers through higher prices, and sometimes jobs are lost. The high cost of responding to and recovering from wildfires can deplete state resources and increase insurance rates. The 14 Prescription burning, or "controlled bum," undertaken by land management agencies is the process of igniting fires under selected conditions, in accordance with strict parameters. September 2022 Page 1 166 BRIt",WCDUfV�'fARD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 economic impact of wildfires can also be felt in the tourism industry if roads and tourist attractions are closed due to health and safety concerns, State and local governments can impose fire safety regulations on home sites and developments to help curb wildfire. Land treatment measures such as fire access roads, water storage, helipads, safety zones, buffers, firebreaks, fuel breaks, and fuel management can be designed as part of an overall fire defense system to aid in fire control. Fuel management, prescribed burning, and cooperative land management planning can also be encouraged to reduce fire hazards. Location and Spatial Extent Wildfires remain a major hazard of concern throughout the State of Florida. According to the Florida Division of Forestry, nearly 5 million acres have been burned across the state by wildfire since 1981. This includes nearly 125,000 distinct fires, equating to an average wildfire size of 40 acres though many of the larger uncontrolled wildfires may burn hundreds of thousands of acres before being suppressed. The leading causes have been wildfires in Florida have been identified as lightning (particularly in the summer months), incendiary (arson), and debris burning. Broward County is comprised of 1,197 square miles of land, of which 787 square miles lie within the Everglades Conservation Area, Even though the Everglades are typically thought as of being boggy or wet, a substantial part of the everglades is comprised of sawgrass and melaleuca trees that can rapidly burn. Most fires in the Everglades are started by lightning, a very frequent Phenomenon in the Everglades, due to large thunderstorms that form inland. Other fires are caused by improper burning at campfires, or arson. The Florida Division of Forestry recently completed the development of the Florida Wildfire Risk Assessment System (FRAS), The primary purpose of FRAS is to provide an automated tool for Division staff, as well as other Florida fire specialists, to access and use a series of spatial map data that has been compiled and derived to support operational staff in the future assessment and management of wildland fire risk across the state. This data has been derived by a team of fire experts and reflects the latest and most accurate data describing the wildland fire risk situation based on burnable areas within Florida. Figure 4.12 illustrates the default FRAS data for Broward County. September 2022 Page 1167 .. , F L O R•I D A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Figure 4.12: Wildfire Risk Areas in Broward County iAtM BFAZH ZdU �� y•6. .e J__. _Y� a� •� _ .ts � � H Source: Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment According to FRAS, the municipalities in western Broward County are at greatest risk to wildfire. They are Coral Springs, Miramar, Parkland, Pembroke Pines, Southwest Ranches, Sunrise, Tamarac, and Weston. While most of the Broward County municipalities are not likely to be heavily impacted directly by wildfire, the secondary effects of smoke and ash pose significant threats to air quality throughout the area. Human respiratory health is a related concern regarding wildfires occurring not only in the county, but also elsewhere in south Florida. Historical Occurrences According to the Florida Division of Forestry, there have been over 21 significant fires in Broward County since 1981 (burning 10,000 acres or more). Most of these large wildfire events occur in the undeveloped, western portions of Broward County, including the Everglades, and most have occurred during Broward County's dry season which extends from January through May. Common causes of wildfires within the county are drought, September 2022 Page 1 168 Bwp."w RD ckp Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 lightning, arson; carelessness by smokers; debris burning; equipment operation; and children playing with matches. Residential development within the past 10 years has encroached on environmentally sensitive land, including the Everglades Conservation Area. The impact of wildfires in Broward County is seen by reduced air quality, closure of roads, in particular Interstate 75 (Alligator Alley) which is a main link with the west coast of Florida, and in some cases, fires can be a threat to residential and business structure. Wildfires also potentially impact the Miccosukee and Seminole tribal activities in the Everglades. During May 2007, at least 233 fires burned roughly 100,000 acres in 52 of the 67 Florida Counties, mostly in the northern, central, and southwest. Although most of the acreage burnt by these fires occurred outside of Broward County, the county was blanketed with smoke. This resulted in the closure of major roads and forced many people indoors. Qn May 9th, the Air Quality Index reached an "unhealthy" range of 154, meaning that the air was unhealthy for sensitive people who have asthma and heart disease. No significant wildfires have occurred in Broward County since 2007. Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability of future large wildfire events in western portions of Broward County is considered "likely", particularly during drought cycles and abnormally dry conditions in the Everglades. of more concern to Broward County emergency management officials are the smaller, more frequent brush fires that ignite in pockets of undeveloped natural areas during periods of dry conditions that are immediately adjacent to developed properties in the urban areas of the County. In the future Broward County is likely to be impacted by significant wildfires that could burn over 10,000 acres or more. Future Risk Conditions Influencing Wildfire As discussed earlier in the drought subsection, climate change will likely bring periods of extended drought and higher temperatures which would exacerbate the risk of wildfire in already vulnerable areas. Vulnerability Assessment According to the 2011 State of Florida Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Plan Annex, the Florida Fire Service (FFS) maintains a Fire Activity Report database that includes information on all wildfires that FFS responded to dating back to 1980, According to these records, there have been 141,230 fires that have burned over 5 million acres in the past 30 years in Florida. The 2009 parcel data remained the same for Broward County. September 2022 Page 1 169 BW�WNARD COUNTY Tab Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 le 4.34: Estimated Number oT structures at Risk fro Number of Structure Type At -Risk Structures Single -Family Homes 30,840 Mobile Homes 3,980 Multi -Family Homes 21,105 Commercial 1,420 Agriculture 418 Gov./institutional 372 Total 58,135 Human Caused Hazards m Wildfire Human caused hazards can affect localized or regional areas are often unpredictable, can cause loss of life and property damage, and can significantly impact infrastructure in Broward County. This section includes human caused hazards that pose the greatest risk in Broward County. Human caused hazards are categorized as biological, societal, and technological. Hazards are listed alphabetically by category. Biological Hazards Pandemic/Infectious Disease Background Infectious diseases are a constant threat to humanity. Societal, environmental, and technological factors impact the occurrence and persistence of infectious diseases worldwide, as new diseases (e.g., SARS, West Nile Virus) continue to emerge each year and old diseases reappear or evolve into new drug -resistant strains (e.g., malaria, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonias). Infectious diseases can be carried by infected people, animals, and insects, and can also be contained within commercial shipments of contaminated food. Three terms are commonly used to classify disease impacts: endemic, epidemic, and pandemic. An endemic is always present at a low frequency (e.g., chicken pox in the U.S.). An epidemic is a sudden severe outbreak of disease (e.g., the bubonic plague during Medieval times), and a pandemic is an epidemic that becomes very widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the world (e.g., the 1957 flu pandemic caused at least 70,000 deaths in the U.S. and 1-2 million deaths worldwide.). Fears of pandemic have risen in recent years as our globalized economy and growing population fosters large scale international travel and trade. Also, growing populations increases the vulnerability of all areas to disease as it can travel more quickly and creates difficulty in preventing the spread of infection. Location and Spatial Extent September 2022 Page 1 170 BWC,'r,N cARD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Disease impacts all areas of the world, and all areas are vulnerable. Third world countries have fewer resources to fight disease and may be more vulnerable than more industrialized nations. In the United States, the public health system works at the federal, state, and local levels to monitor diseases, plan, and prepare for outbreaks, and prevent epidemics where possible. But, in the age of air travel and worldwide shipping, it is becoming increasingly difficult to contain localized outbreaks as infected or exposed people travel and work, sending the disease across the globe in a matter of hours. Therefore, in an increasing globalized world, public health threats that are not endemic to Florida can impact the region very quickly from halfway around the world. Historical Occurrences In early 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic in Broward County impacted businesses and governmental operations. As of this 2022 ELMS update, while the numbers of hospitalized Covid patients and deaths in the Broward County area have fallen, the test positivity rate remains high. Since the beginning of the pandemic, a total of 766,482 cases have been reported. At least 1 in 290 residents have died of Covid-19 for a total of 6,735 reported deaths. (Source: Communicable Disease Frequency Report, Florida Department of Health) The Florida Department of Health and the Broward County Health Department maintain disease surveillance for the County, reporting all known medical diagnoses of certain diseases. The current list of reportable communicable diseases for 2022 is listed in Table 4.37 below. Table 4.35: Broward County Communicable Disease Cases ReportableTotal Anaplasmosis .. Cases 2 Percent of total county 0.04% Brucellosis 1 0.02% Campylobacteriasis 241 5.17% Carbon monoxide poisoning 9 0.19% Ciguatera fish poisoning 4 0.09% CoronaviruslCOVI ❑-19 1.071 0.54% Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) 6 0.13% Cryptosporidiosis 49 0,05% Cyclosporiasis 21 0.45% Giardiasis, acute 93 2.00% Haemophilus influenzae invasive disease 24 0.52% Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) 1 W 0.02% Hepatitis A 8 0.17% Hepatitis B (pregnant women) 84 1.80% Hepatitis B, Acute 39 0.84% Hepatitis B, Chronic 529 11.35% Hepatitis C, Acute 92 1.97% Hepatitis C, Chronic (including perinatal) 879 18.86% Lead Poisoning 212 4.55% Legionellosis 32 0.69% Listeriosis 2 0.04% Malaria 6 0.13% September 2022 Page 1 171 Bk',' WARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Reportable Communicable Disease• Meningitis, bacterial or mycotic Total • - • Cases 5 Percent of total county population impacted* 0.11 % Meningococcal Disease 6 013% Mercury Poisoning 1 0.02% Mpox 710 15.24% Mumps 1 0.02% Pertussis 1 0.02% Pesticide -related illness and injury, acute 1 0.02% Rabies, animal 3 0.06% Rabies, possible exposure 346 7.42% Rocky Mountain spotted fever and spotted fever rickettsiosis 1 0.02% Salmonella Paratyphi infection 2 0.04% Salmonella Typhi infection 1 0.02% Salmonellosis 898 19.27% Shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection 93 1 2.00% Shigellosis 149 3.20% Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease 53 1.14% Varicella (chickenpox) 38 0.82°% Vibriosis (excluding cholera and Vbrio vulnificus) 15 0.32°% Vibriosis (Vbrio vulnificus) 2 0.04°% Total: 4,661 100% Source: Data Source: Communicable Disease Frequency Report, Florida Department of Health, 2022 Probability of Future Occurrences Historical evidence shows that the population of Broward County is vulnerable to disease outbreak, and it is probable that epidemics of infectious disease will impact Broward County in the future warranting a probability level of likely. State and local public health officials maintain surveillance in hopes of identifying disease prominence and containing potential threats before they become epidemics. Vulnerability Assessment Estimated potential losses are difficult to calculate because infectious disease causes little damage to the built environment and damages generally are experienced through public health response and medical costs as well as lost wages by patients. Therefore, it is assumed that all buildings and facilities are exposed to disease but would experience negligible damage in the occurrence of an outbreak, but the costs to the public health sector for responding to an outbreak as well as impact to humans may be great. Hand washing is an effective means of preventing the spread of many diseases, including colds, influenza, norovirus, and shigellosis. Increasing participation in immunization programs will help decrease the vulnerability of some portions of the population to vaccine -preventable diseases. Additional prevention measures continue to be taken in Broward County to limit exposure to insect borne disease (Encephalitis, West Nile Virus, etc.), which primarily means limiting exposure to September 2022 Page 1 172 BR;c.'WARD cC]U p Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 mosquitoes. Additional spraying of ponds, standing water, and neighborhoods is occurring throughout Broward County to limit mosquito reproduction. Societal Hazards Active Shooter Background Active shooter describes the perpetrator of a type of mass murder marked by rapidity, scale, randomness, and often suicide. The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines an active shooter as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area.", excluding self-defense, gang or drug violence, crossfire, and domestic disputes, The United States Department of Homeland Security defines an active shooter as "an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area; in most cases, active shooters use firearms and there is no pattern or method to this selection of victims." Most incidents occur at locations in which the killers find little impediment in pressing their attack. Locations are generally described as soft targets that carry limited security measures to protect members of the public. In most instances, the shooters die by suicide, are shot by police, or surrender when confrontation with responding law enforcement becomes unavoidable. In addition, active shooter events are often over in 10 to 15 minutes. In the past five years, Broward County law enforcement, government officials, school employees, and residents have been experiencing a heightened awareness of the possibility of an active shooter incident occurring in a school or even at public venues. The emergence of an active shooter as a significant hazard stem from the tragic event that occurred at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland in 2018. On February 14, 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz opened fire on students and staff at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, a suburb about 30 miles northwest of Fort Lauderdale, murdering 17 people and injuring 17 others. Cruz, a former student at the school, fled the scene on foot by blending in with other students, and was arrested without incident approximately one hour later in nearby Coral Springs. The killing spree is the deadliest high school shooting in United States history, surpassing the Columbine High School massacre that killed 15, including the shooters, in Colorado in April 1999. In the aftermath of the shooting, students at Parkland founded Never Again MSD, an advocacy group that lobbies for gun safety regulations. Governor Rick Scott subsequently signed a bill that implemented new restrictions to Florida's gun laws, and which also allowed for the arming of teachers who are properly trained. The bill also provided funding for the hiring of additional school resource officers. On October 20, 2021, Cruz pleaded guilty to all charges, and on November 2, 2022, he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Probability and Extent of Future Events The probability of this hazard occurring is highly likely. September 2022 Page 1 173 BNY'N COUNTY RD Mass Migration Background Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Mass migration is defined as large numbers of foreign refugees illegally entering into the United States whether by air, land, or sea. The control of migration into the United States is entirely the responsibility of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). As necessary, DHS will deploy resources and direct multi -agency operations to address a potential and full-scale mass migration event in coordination with state and local agencies. Refugees will be processed by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, and anyone who is denied entry but remains in the United States will be classified as an illegal alien. Persons entering the United States illegally, or entering through legal manner, such as under Visas etc., but overstay the expiration of the Visa are also considered illegal aliens. A large uncontrolled influx of immigrants has the potential of significantly disrupting the social and economic stability of local communities by overwhelming the delivery of essential services such as medical response and public safety. While the federal government has the primary responsibility for assuming control of mass migration emergencies, Broward County may have to provide basic care including shelter, food, water, medical, and other social services. Mass migration events can have widespread and lasting social and economic impacts, including: • Adverse impacts on the capacity of public schools, public hospitals, and other public facilities to serve the resident population. • Negative impacts on the wages and working conditions for the resident population. • Medical costs for illegal immigrants unduly burden hospitals by having to deal with the costs of unpaid medical bills. • Increased numbers of children without health insurance. • Contagious diseases that are generally considered to have been controlled in the United States are readily evident along the border and entry points for migration. Another concern with mass migration events is that many countries today are not willing to take back deported citizens that have tried unsuccessfully to relocate to the United States. Location and Spatial Extent Generally, it is assumed that all of Broward County is uniformly exposed to mass migration, and that the spatial extent of impact is large. The areas with the highest vulnerability to immediate and direct mass migration impacts are the coastal municipalities as such an event would likely be executed by sea. Historical Occurrences South Florida does have some history with mass migrations from the Caribbean basin, particularly Cuba and Haiti. April 15 — October 31, 1980 (Mariel boatlift) The Mariel boatlift was a mass movement of Cubans who departed from Cuba's Mariel Harbor for South Florida between April 15 and October 31, 1980. The boatlift was precipitated by a sharp September 2022 Page 1 174 BR;c ,WARD couNTr Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 downturn in the Cuban economy, leading to simmering internal tensions on the island and a bid by up to 10,000 Cubans to gain asylum in the Peruvian embassy. The Cuban government subsequently announced that anyone who wanted to leave could do so, and an impromptu exodus organized by Cuban Americans with the agreement of Cuban President Fidel Castro was underway. Soon after it was discovered that several the exiles had been released from Cuban jails and mental health facilities, and the exodus was ended by mutual agreement between the two governments in October 1980. By that time up to 125,000 Cubans had made the journey to Florida in an estimated 1,700 boats that overwhelmed the U.S. Coast Guard. Upon arrival, many Cubans were placed in refugee camps, while others were held in federal prisons to undergo deportation hearings. August — September 1994 (Cuban Raft Crisis) On August 13, 1994, President Fidel Castro, in view of the increase in illegal Cuban sea exits announced in a speech that from then on, he would retire the Cuban Frontier Guard from the Cuban coasts and would allow anyone who wanted to leave the country to do so. He thereby provoked the biggest raft crisis in the history of the continent, as tens of thousands of Cubans headed by sea toward South Florida. When Florida's Governor announced that the state could not cope with the surge of arriving Cuban immigrants, President Clinton declared an immigration emergency and ordered the interception of Cuban refugees and their transfer to "safe havens" such as the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. During this period a total of more than 32,000 Cuban citizens were intercepted on the high seas and transferred to Guantanamo. Probability of Future Occurrences As political unrest in South America and the Caribbean continues, there will always be people wanting to immigrate to South Florida where there is an existing extensive network of people from these countries in place. However, as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) continues to increase border patrols and tightens the security requirements for inbound vessels, the likelihood of a mass migration seems less likely. The probability of future mass migration events in Broward County is considered likely, Vulnerability Assessment South Florida is susceptible to mass migration events due to natural catastrophes and political unrest in foreign countries, particularly Haiti and Cuba. Mass migration events involving tens of thousands of immigrants have occurred several times within the last several decades. However, due to more stringent border patrol by DHS the vulnerability of Broward County to such events is limited to moderate. Terrorism Background Information in this subsection borrows heavily from the FEMA, State, and Local Mitigation Planning How-to Guide: integrating Manmade Hazards into Mitigation Planning (FEMA Publication 386-7). For the sake of brevity and consistency with other subsections of this risk assessment, each individual element of terrorism is introduced in relatively abbreviated format. September 2022 Page 1 175 BNYM, COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 International and domestic terrorism remains a significant hazard of concern for most communities across the United States, and is even more so following the attacks of September 11, 2001, in the City of New York and Washington, DC. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), "Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence, or threatened use of force or violence, against persons and places for the purpose of intimidation and/or coercing a government, its citizens, or any segment thereof for political or social goals." The FBI further characterizes terrorism as either domestic or international, depending on the origin, base, and objectives of the terrorist organization; however, the origin of the terrorist or person causing the hazard is far less relevant to mitigation planning than the hazard itself and its consequences. Terrorism can include computer -based (cyber) attacks and the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to include chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive (CBRNE) agents. However, within these general categories, there are many variations. Particularly in biological and chemical weapons, there are a wide variety of agents and ways for them to be disseminated. The following types of terrorist attacks have been identified by FEMA as part of their guidance on integrating manmade hazards into mitigation planning: Armed Attack This element of terrorism refers primarily to tactical assault or sniping from a remote location. Arson/Incendiary Attack Arson/incendiary attack refers to the initiation of fire or explosion on or near a target either by direct contact or remotely via projectile. Agriterrorism Agriterrorism is the direct, typically covert contamination of food supplies or the introduction of pests and/or disease agents to crops and livestock. Biological Agent Liquid or solid contaminants can be dispersed using sprayers/aerosol generators or by point or line sources such as munitions, covert deposits, and moving sprayers. Chemical Agent Liquid/aerosol contaminants can be dispersed using sprayers or other aerosol generators; liquids vaporizing from puddles or containers; or munitions. Conventional Bomb/Improvised Explosive Device This refers to the intentional detonation of an explosive device on or near a target with the mode of delivery being via person, vehicle, or projectile. Cyber-terrorism Cyber-terrorism refers to electronic attack using one computer system against another. Cyberthreat vectors inclusive of hacking for political, ideological, and reputational status purposes, and for profit are constantly targeting private and governmental entities. The 2017 September 2022 Page 1 176 BR;LIWARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 ELMS update classified cyberthreats as an area for additional analysis and Broward County seeks to collaborate with public and private partners such as Florida's Agency for State Technology (AST), the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), the Multi -State Information Sharing & Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), and the Southeast Florida Fusion Center for ongoing strategic planning and training initiatives of cybersecurity policy and IT systems protection. Identified Cyberthreats Include: Malware: Short for Malicious software, is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software, including computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malicious programs. It can take the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software. Malware is defined by its malicious intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user - and so does not include software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency. The majority of malware is propagated through user -initiated actions such as clicking on a malicious link in a spam e-mail or visiting a malicious or compromised website. In other instances, malware is disseminated through advertising and drive -by downloads, which do not require user engagement for the infection to be successful. Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts files on the infected system/network (crypto ransomware), although a few variants are known to erase files or block access to the system using other methods (locker ransomware). Once access to the system is blocked, the ransomware demands a ransom in order to unlock the files, frequently $200 - $3,000 in bitcoins, though other currencies and gift cards are occasionally reported. Ransomware variants almost always opportunistically target victims, infecting an array of devices from computers to smartphones. Phishing I Spear Phishing: Phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and, indirectly, money), often for malicious reasons, by disguising as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Phishing is typically carried out by email spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website, the look and feel of which are almost identical to the legitimate one. Communications purporting to be from social web sites, auction sites, banks, online payment processors or IT administrators are often used to lure victims. Phishing emails may contain links to websites that are infected with malware. Spear Phishing involves social engineering that targets a preidentified victim with details pertaining to the individual. Denial -of -Service 1 Distributed Denial -of -Service: Is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled. In a distributed denial -of -service attack (DDoS attack), the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources. This effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack simply by blocking a single source. SQL Injection: Is a code injection technique, used to hack data -driven applications, in which nefarious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker). SQL injection must exploit a security vulnerability in an application's software. SQL injection is mostly known as an attack vector for websites but can September 2022 Page 1 177 R ,'M cARD Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 be used to attack any type of SQL database. SQL injection attacks also allows attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server. September 2022 Page 1 178 g��crWARD Broward County Emergency Management '' couNTY Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Intentional Hazardous Material Release Solid, liquid, and/or gaseous contaminants may be intentionally released from either fixed or mobile containers. Nuclear Bomb A nuclear device may be detonated underground, at the surface, in the air or at high altitude. Radiological Agent Radioactive contaminants can be dispersed using sprayers/aerosol generators, or by point or line sources such as munitions, covert deposits, and moving sprayers. Location and Spatial Extent The location of terrorist attacks is unpredictable, though certain critical facilities and venues for large public gatherings are usually considered to have more inherent vulnerability. With miles of strip malls, about 7.5 million tourists visiting every year and a growing degree of diversity, many say Broward County, and all South Florida, is an ideal place to keep a low profile. Some observers say the county's growth and diversity have added a layer of anonymity for potential wrongdoers. Others point to the proximity of Port Everglades in Fort Lauderdale and the Port of Miami, 2 of the state's busiest ports, and the region's airports and flight schools. Broward County, like most major metropolitan communities, has the potential to be a target of the terrorist, The county has several sites that would be attractive to a terrorist based on location, potential for publicity, and other targeting factors too numerous to mention here. The world is shrinking, and geographical boundaries and proximity are no longer major factors. Terrorism and drug -related crime have been linked in the past and the area has the potential to be a spawning ground for these illegal and criminal activities, factors that increase risk. Broward County has a population that is ethnically, racially, and economically diverse. While these factors, in and of themselves are of no immediate concern, they can provide individuals and groups commonly associated with terrorism, some degree of freedom to stage and conduct activities. Terrorists have and will take advantage of these conditions to blend in when conducting their illegal activities. In the hours and days immediately following the terrorist events of September 11, 2001, attention was focused on Broward County in South Florida, where it was suspected at least one of the suicide hijackers, Mohammed Atta, had made his residence in the months prior to that fateful day. Subsequent investigations revealed that at least 7 of the 19 men who crashed hijacked planes on September 11 had spent time in the county. The location and extent of the various types of terrorist attacks is briefly and generally described below in terms of their effect on the physical environment. Probability of Future Events The probability of a future terrorist attack is likely due to the number of potential targets and the current law enforcement efforts underway. The probability of future terrorist attacks is partially monitored by the Department of Homeland Security through the Homeland Security Advisory System. For more information on this system, visit http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/. September 2022 Page 1 179 BRrWNARD COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Vulnerability Assessment The U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have identified Broward County as a highly volatile area for terrorism activity. There are areas in Broward that are more likely to be targets for terrorism such as critical facilities, communication systems, water and utilities, monuments, and areas where large groups congregate (e.g., stadiums, conventions, worship areas). September 2022 Page 1 180 BWP.,W RD cauNTY Technological Hazards Hazardous Material Incident Background Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Hazardous material (HAZMAT) incidents can apply to fixed facilities as well as mobile, transportation -related accidents in the air, by rail, on the Nation's highways, and on the water. Approximately 6,774 HAZMAT events occur each year, 5,517 of which are highway incidents, 991 are railroad incidents, and 266 are due to other causes (FEMA, 1997). In essence, HAZMAT incidents consist of solid, liquid, and/or gaseous contaminants that are released from fixed or mobile containers, whether by accident or by design as with an intentional terrorist attack. A HAZMAT incident can last hours to days, while some chemicals can be corrosive or otherwise damaging over longer periods of time. In addition to the primary release, explosions and/or fires can result from a release, and contaminants can be extended beyond the initial area by persons, vehicles, water, wind, and possibly wildlife as well. Hazardous material incidents can include the spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of a hazardous material, but exclude: (1 ) any release which results in exposure to poisons solely within the workplace with respect to claims which such persons may assert against the employer of such persons; (2) emissions from the engine exhaust of a motor vehicle, rolling stock, aircraft, vessel, or pipeline pumping station engine; (3) release of source, byproduct, or special nuclear material from a nuclear incident; and (4) the normal application of fertilizer. Location and Spatial Extent A hazardous material incident can occur in a variety of locations and spatial extents. Some incidents (such as a fuel spill) can occur in a small location and impact a small spatial extent. Others, such as the release of toxic chemicals may occur from a small location or source but can spread over large areas. The Emergency Planning & Community Right -to -Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) requires facilities storing hazardous materials to report those substances annually to the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC), the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), and local fire departments. There are hundreds of such facilities located throughout Broward County, though many d❑ not store substances or quantities of such that are considered extremely hazardous. Of greater concern to the emergency management community are those facilities that use or produce toxic chemicals above specific thresholds that pose major threats to human life and safety. These include Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facilities as discussed further under Vulnerability Assessment. In Broward County there are a total of 130 TRI facilities, most of which are shown on Map 4.17. Broward County is not only vulnerable to hazardous materials at fixed hazardous material sites but also along key transportation corridors such as Interstate 95, the Florida Turnpike, and the 2 major rail lines that transverse the County. According to the CSX Transportation's report, Hazardous Materials Density Study for Broward County, 2006, the topmost transported products via rail system are Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Chorine, Liquefied Petroleum Gases, and September 2022 Page 1 181 Bk' WARD -COUNTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Petroleum Distillates. There are also 3 underground petroleum pipelines that service Miami International, Homestead, and Ft. Lauderdale International Airports. One of the most vulnerable locations for hazardous materials incidents is Port Everglades. Port Everglades seaport is the world's third largest cruise -port. About 2.5 million passengers were accommodated at the Port in 2020. On average between 2011 to 2019 Port Everglades accommodated 3.8 million passengers. In FY 21, The dollar value breakdown of all cargo types of Port -wide trade was nearly equal with exports representing 49.9% and import representing 50.1 %. Port Everglades kicked off Fiscal Year 2022, which began October 1, 2021, with a record - setting first month reaching 94,588 TEUs (20-foot equivalent units. Container volumes were up 5.5 percent in October 2021 over the previous October record set in 2018. Revenue from petroleum products accounts for nearly 25% of the Port's total revenue. Some 18 counties in Florida are directly reliant on this source of petroleum products. September 2022 Page 1 182 Bn]VvardCounty Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy 8eotamher2U22 Map 4.17: Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Sites ,, / ~ | | 411~ ]' |� \ --�— — — — - } � / / Source: USEnvironmental Protection Agency 2022 TRIBasic Data Files Historical Occurrences Bnzvvmrd County averages about 1 reported hazardous nnnbaha| incident every 3weeks. These September 2022 Page 1183 r L O R 1 0 A Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Slightly more than 70% of the hazardous material releases involve petroleum. The most frequently released non -petroleum -based chemicals are ammonia and chlorine. Probability of Future Events Due to the continuous presence of hazardous materials being transported or stored in and around Broward County, hazardous materials incidents of varying magnitudes are considered highly likely future events. Vulnerability Analysis The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is a publicly available database from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that contains information on toxic chemical releases and other waste management activities reported annually by certain covered industry groups as well as federal facilities. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right - to -Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. Each year, facilities that meet certain activity thresholds must report their releases and other waste management activities for listed toxic chemicals to EPA and to their state or tribal entity. A facility must report if it meets the following three criteria: The facility falls within one of the following industrial categories: manufacturing; metal mining; coal mining; electric generating facilities that combust coal and/or oil; chemical wholesale distributors; petroleum terminals and bulk storage facilities; RCRA Subtitle C treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities; and solvent recovery services. Has 10 or more full-time employee equivalents Manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds or otherwise uses more than 10,000 pounds of any listed chemical during the calendar year. Persistent, bio accumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals are subject to different thresholds of 10 pounds, 100 pounds, or 0.1 grams depending on the chemical. For fixed site analysis, only toxic sites that have georeferenced data available were analyzed and the circle buffers are drawn around each hazardous material site. 2 sizes of buffers, 500 and 2,500 meters are assumed in respect to the different levels of effect-- immediate (primary) and secondary. For mobile analysis, the major roads (Interstate highway, US highway, State highway) and railroads are chosen to be the routes where hazardous material is allowed. The buffer along the roads is drawn with the same size as fixed site analysis. Census block data was used to estimate exposure. Table 4.38 shows estimated toxic release exposure of people and buildings by jurisdiction for fixed sites using census block data, while Table 4.39 shows the result for mobile site toxic release. Primary and secondary impact sites were selected based on guidance from FEMA Publication #426 (Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings) and professional engineering judgment. Because many sites containing hazardous materials are in densely populated areas, there are population and structures that could be susceptible to a release from more than 1 site. In some jurisdictions, the number of people and property has been counted more than once to account for their susceptibility to multiple potential toxic releases. Therefore, the number of people and structures that could potentially be impacted may appear to exceed the total number or value of structural units and total population by jurisdiction. September 2022 Page 1 184 BR.�aURD �NTY Broward County Emergency Management Enhanced Local Mitigation Strategy September 2022 Table 4.36: Estimated Exposure of People and Buildings by Jurisdiction (Fixed Site Toxic Release) Coconut Creek0 N ' Number Number Number of Value of Number Value of People at Buildings Buildings at People at of Buildings at Risk at Risk Risk Risk Buildings Risk at Risk 0 $0 15287 3,952 $1,093,314,447 Cooper City 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Corals rin s 4,222 1,018 5301,346,504 35,606 11,649 $2,742,053,616 Dania Beach 1,113 668 $204,351,779 21,178 9,393 $2,134,792,947 Davie 0 0 $0 4,573 2,440 $701,481.325 Deerfield Beach 9,353 1,961 $1,120,009.400 51,911 15,824 $4.448,959,176 Fort Lauderdale 11,212 4,759 $2,652,504,621 123,450 45,566 $18,762,613,213 Hallandale Beach 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Hillsboro Beach 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Hol od 4,615 2177 $542,352.933 72,447 27,436 $6,384,248.787 Lauderdale -BY -The -Sea 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Lauderdale Lakes 154 63 $23,765,544 3,945 1,311 $213,447,602 Lauderhill 0 0 $o 382 214 $19,833.531 Lazy Lake 0 0 $0 75 31 $2.867,225 Lighthouse Pant 0 0 $0 2,212 821 $270,046,908 Margate 0 0 $0 56 20 $2,695,446 Miramar 2,455 826 $450,554,441 38,698 13,289 $3.924,123,469 North Lauderdale 99 54 $23,126.107 511 176 $49,394.601 Oakland Park 3,719 1,252 $283,831,547 37,782 13,164 $2,474,434,020 Parkland 0 0 $0 422 332 $174.843.394 Pembroke Park 0 0 $0 318 140 $31,266.729 Pembroke Pines 1,797 670 $127,936,540 16,978 4,931 $1,231,619,120 Plantation 0 0 $0 247 110 $29.185,980 Pompano Beach 5,075 1,450 $1,371,996,575 52,807 13,734 $5,819,120,030 Sea Ranch Lakes 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Southwest Ranches 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Sunrise 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Tamarac 710 290 $121,555,644 2,102 731 $307,341,280 Broward Municipal Services Districts 807 330 $43529,894 10,052 3,789 $296.934.041 West Park 0 0 $0 1,316 643 $82,046,605 Weston 0 0 $0 0 0 $398,199 Wilton Manors 1 0 0 $0 10,437 3,832 $890,702.030 TOTAL 1 45330 15520 57,266,8G1530 502,790 113,527 $5i,087,153,720 Source: Broward County Pmperty Appraiser and Harus•MH MR3 SeWember 2022 Page 1 185